https://publications.hse.ru/mirror/pubs/share/folder/myodg9xfxt/direct/143360779.pdf

Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013

https://www.who.int/immunization/diseases/tetanus/lancet-2012-global-child-mortality.pdf

Global, regional, and national causes of child mortality: An updated systematic analysis for 2010 with time trends since 2000

Importance The relationship between income and life expectancy is well established but remains poorly understood. Objectives To measure the level, time trend, and geographic variability in the association between income and life expectancy and to identify factors related to small area variation. Design and Setting Income data for the US population were obtained from 1.4 billion deidentified tax records between 1999 and 2014. Mortality data were obtained from Social Security Administration death records. These data were used to estimate race- and ethnicity-adjusted life expectancy at 40 years of age by household income percentile, sex, and geographic area, and to evaluate factors associated with differences in life expectancy. Exposure Pretax household earnings as a measure of income. Main Outcomes and Measures Relationship between income and life expectancy; trends in life expectancy by income group; geographic variation in life expectancy levels and trends by income group; and factors associated with differences in life expectancy across areas. Results The sample consisted of 1 408 287 218 person-year observations for individuals aged 40 to 76 years (mean age, 53.0 years; median household earnings among working individuals, $61 175 per year). There were 4 114 380 deaths among men (mortality rate, 596.3 per 100 000) and 2 694 808 deaths among women (mortality rate, 375.1 per 100 000). The analysis yielded 4 results. First, higher income was associated with greater longevity throughout the income distribution. The gap in life expectancy between the richest 1% and poorest 1% of individuals was 14.6 years (95% CI, 14.4 to 14.8 years) for men and 10.1 years (95% CI, 9.9 to 10.3 years) for women. Second, inequality in life expectancy increased over time. Between 2001 and 2014, life expectancy increased by 2.34 years for men and 2.91 years for women in the top 5% of the income distribution, but by only 0.32 years for men and 0.04 years for women in the bottom 5% ( P r  = −0.69, P r  = 0.72, P r  = 0.42, P r  = 0.57, P Conclusions and Relevance In the United States between 2001 and 2014, higher income was associated with greater longevity, and differences in life expectancy across income groups increased over time. However, the association between life expectancy and income varied substantially across areas; differences in longevity across income groups decreased in some areas and increased in others. The differences in life expectancy were correlated with health behaviors and local area characteristics.

/pdf/the-association-between-income-and-life-expectancy-in-the-171foi4jgg.pdf

The Association Between Income and Life Expectancy in the United States, 2001-2014

https://globalhealthchallenges2012.files.wordpress.com/2012/08/causes-of-cancer-world-lancet-2005.pdf

Causes of cancer in the world: comparative risk assessment of nine behavioural and environmental risk factors.

https://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lancet/PIIS0140-6736(15)00551-6.pdf

Cause-specific mortality for 240 causes in China during 1990-2013: a systematic subnational analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013.

Demography: Measuring and Modeling Population Processes

Abstract:During the 19th century, Denmark experienced rapid urban population growth amidst deficient sanitary conditions. This study explores the changes in the country's life expectancy from 1850 to 1910 for both the total population and the urban and rural areas, using vital statistics data on deaths. It also examines the contributions by causes of death to the changes in life expectancy in Copenhagen. This analysis shows that in Denmark a new mortality regime began to take shape in the 1890s, marking the passage from relatively slow gains in life expectancy and fluctuating mortality to rapid and sustained improvement, especially in cities. Until the 1880s, such gains were driven mainly by mortality reductions among children aged 1–4. From the 1890s, reductions in infant mortality contributed significantly to further gains. Reductions in mortality from a few (mainly infectious) diseases were responsible for most of the gains observed in Copenhagen. Although declining, the urban–rural gap in life expectancy persisted throughout the period, particularly for men.Abstract:La population urbaine du Danemark, durant le xixe siècle, se caractérise par une croissance rapide et des conditions sanitaires médiocres. Cet article présente l'évolution de l'espérance de vie danoise entre 1850 et 1910, dans la population générale ainsi que dans les zones urbaines et rurales, à partir des données d'état civil sur les décès. Il analyse également les contributions des causes de décès aux évolutions de l'espérance de vie à Copenhague. Les années 1890 marquent le début d'un nouveau régime de mortalité, avec le passage d'une progression relativement lente de l'espérance de vie et d'une mortalité fluctuante à des progrès rapides et soutenus, surtout en ville. Jusque dans les années 1880, l'espérance de vie a augmenté essentiellement sous l'effet de la baisse de la mortalité des enfants de 1 à 4 ans. À partir des années 1890, le déclin de la mortalité infantile a contribué de manière significative à de nouveaux progrès de l'espérance de vie. La diminution des décès liés à un petit nombre de maladies (pour la plupart infectieuses) a été à l'origine de la majorité des gains d'espérance de vie à Copenhague. Bien qu'en recul, l'écart entre les zones urbaines et rurales a persisté pendant toute la période, en particulier pour les hommes.Abstract:Durante el siglo XIX, la población urbana en Dinamarca aumento rápidamente en medio de condiciones sanitarias desfavorables. En este estudio se exploran los cambios en la esperanza de vida en dicho país desde 1850 hasta 1910, para la población total así como para las áreas urbanas y rurales, utilizando las estadísticas vitales de defunciones. Igualmente, se examinan las contribuciones por causa de muerte a los ios en la esperanza de vida en Copenhague. Este análisis muestra que un nuevo régimen de mortalidad empezó a perfilarse en Dinamarca en la década de 1890, marcando el paso de una situación caracterizada por incrementos relativamente lentos en la esperanza de vida y amplias fluctuaciones de mortalidad a otra caracterizada por mejoras rápidas y continuas, especialmente en las ciudades. Hasta la década de 1880, dichos aumentos eran principalmente el resultado de disminuciones de la mortalidad en la niñez (de 1 a 4 años). Desde la década de 1890, mejoras más sustanciosas fueron posibles gracias a la contribución de la baja de la mortalidad infantil. Las mejoras observadas en Copenhague fueron principalmente el resultado de reducciones de la mortalidad causada por unas cuantas enfermedades (sobre todo infecciosas). Aunque la brecha de mortalidad entre las áreas urbanas y rurales disminuyó, esta persistió durante el periodo observado, sobre todo para los hombres.

Jacques Veron

Papers

Demography: Measuring and Modeling Population Processes

Exploring the Urban Penalty in Life Expectancy During the Health Transition in Denmark, 1850–1910

International migration and development: The exodus of the skilled and emigrant remittances by S. Feld (review)

Integrating the Environment into Population Research

Population and Environment Interactions: Macro Perspectives