The chewing lice

This systematic review considers the relationship between arthropods commonly found in and around livestock premises and zoonotic bacteria. The principal focus is upon insects and arachnids on poultry units, where houses, litter and manure provide good conditions for the growth, multiplication and protection of flies, beetles and mites, and where zoonotic pathogens such as Salmonella and Campylobacter are prevalent. Other members of the Enterobacteriaceae and the taxa Clostridium, Helicobacter, Erysipelas and Chlamydiaceae are also discussed. Salmonella is widely distributed in the flies of affected livestock units and is detectable to a lesser degree in beetles and mites. Persistent carriage appears to be common and there is some field and experimental evidence to support arthropod-mediated transmission between poultry flocks, particularly carry-over from one flock to the next. Campylobacter may readily be isolated from arthropods in contact with affected poultry flocks, although carriage is short-lived. There appears to be a role for flies, at least, in the breaching of biosecurity around Campylobacter-negative flocks. The carriage of other zoonotic bacteria by arthropods has been documented, but the duration and significance of such associations remain uncertain in the context of livestock production.

Review of the Carriage of Zoonotic Bacteria by Arthropods, with Special Reference to Salmonella in Mites, Flies and Litter Beetles

The genus Brueelia Keler, 1936a forms the core of the so-called “ Brueelia -complex”, one of the largest and most heterogeneous groups of lice (Phthiraptera). Here we introduce the taxonomic history and present a revision of this group. The limits of the Brueelia-compl ex are discussed. We resurrect the genera Acronirmus Eichler, 1953, Corvonirmus Eichler, 1944, Guimaraesiella Eichler, 1949, Maculinirmus Zlotorzycka, 1964a, Meropsiella Conci, 1941a, Olivinirmus Zlotorzycka, 1964a, Osculonirmus Mey, 1982a, Rostrinirmus Zlotorzycka, 1964a, Traihoriella Ansari, 1947, and Turdinirmus Eichler, 1951. We describe the following new genera: Anarchonirmus n. gen., Aporisticeras n. gen., Aratricerca n. gen., Buphagoecus n. gen., Ceratocista n. gen., Sychraella n. gen., Couala n. gen., Harpactrox n. gen., Hecatrishula n. gen., Indoceoplanetes n. gen., Manucodicola n. gen., Mirandofures n. gen., Nemuus n. gen., Priceiella n. gen., Psammonirmus n. gen., Resartor n. gen., Saepocephalum n. gen., Schizosairhynchus n. gen., Teinomordeus n. gen., Titanomessor n. gen., and Turdinirmoides n. gen.; and the following new subgenera: Camurnirmus n. subgen., Thescelovora n. subgen., Torosinirmus n. subgen., and Capnodella n. subgen. The following 37 new species are described: Anarchonirmus albovittatus n. sp. ex Pomatostomus temporalis strepitans (Mayr & Rand, 1935); Brueelia aguilarae n. sp. ex Euplectes franciscanus pusillus (Hartert, 1901); Brueelia phasmasoma n. sp. ex Coereba flaveola luteola (Cabanis, 1850); Brueelia pseudognatha n. sp. ex Pycnonotus nigricans superior Clancey, 1959; Sychraella sinsutura n. sp. ex Pomatostomus isidorei isidorei Lesson, 1827; Couala dodekopter n. sp. ex Coua cristata pyropyga Grandidier, 1867; Guimaraesiella pandolura n. sp. ex Pericrocotus flammeus semiruber Whistler & Kinnear, 1933; Harpactrox geminodus n. sp. ex Harpactes erythorcephalus erythrocephalus (Gould, 1834); Harpactrox loeiensis n. sp. ex Harpactes erythrorhynchus annamensis (Robinson & Kloss, 1919); Harpactrox pontifrons n. sp. ex Harpactes ardens ardens (Temminck, 1824); Indoceoplanetes ( Capnodella ) loboccupatrix n. sp. ex Lobotos oriolinus Bates, 1909; Indoceoplanetes ( Capnodella ) laurocorythes n. sp. ex Edolisoma holopolium holopolium (Sharpe, 1888); Maculinirmus ljosalfar n. sp. ex Oriolus chinensis diffusus Sharpe, 1877; Manucodicola acantharx n. sp. ex Manucodia ater ater (Lesson, 1830); Manucodicola semiramisae n. sp. ex Phonygammus keraudrenii purpureoviolaceus (Meyer, 1885); Meropoecus balisong n. sp. ex Merops americanus Muller, 1776; Meropoecus bartlowi n. sp. ex Merops ornatus Latham, 1802; Mirandofures altoguineae n. sp. ex Oreostruthus fuliginosus De Vis, 1898; Mirandofures kamena n. sp. ex Erythrura trichroa sigillifer (De Vis, 1897); Nemuus hoedhri n. sp. ex Artamus fuscus Vieillot, 1817; Nemuus imperator n. sp. ex Artamus maximus Meyer, 1874; Priceiella ( Camurnirmus ) hwameicola n. sp. ex Garrulax taewanus Swinhoe, 1859; Priceiella ( Camurnirmus ) paulbrowni n. sp. ex Garrulax leucolophus diardi (Lesson, 1831); Priceiella ( Thescelovora ) alliocephala n. sp. ex Platylophus galericulatus ardesiacus (Bonaparte, 1850); Priceiella ( Torosinirmus ) koka n. sp. ex Turdoides tenebrosa (Hartlaub, 1883); Psammonirmus lunatipectus n. sp. ex Serilophus lunatus lunatus (Gould, 1834); Aratricerca cirithra n. sp. ex Ptiloprora guisei guisei (De Vis, 1894); Saepocephalum stephenfryi n. sp. ex Corcorax melanoramphos (Vieillot, 1817); Schizosairhynchus erysichthoni n. sp. ex Aplonis metallica metallica (Temminck, 1824) and Aplonis metallica nitida (Grey, 1858); Schizosairhynchus minovenator n. sp. ex Mino dumontii Lesson, 1827; Sturnidoecus australafricanus n. sp. ex Corvinella melanoleuca ex pressa Clancey, 1961; Sturnidoecus mon n. sp. ex Euplectes hordeaceus (Linnaeus, 1758); Sturnidoecus porphyrogenitus n. sp. ex Cinnyricinclus leucogaster verreauxi (Bocage, 1870); Sturnidoecus somnodraco n. sp. ex Quelea quelea quelea (Linnaeus, 1758) and Qualea quelea lathami (Smith, 1836); Teinomordeus entelosetus n. sp. ex Eurocephalus rueppelli Bonaparte, 1853; Titanomessor sexloba n. sp. ex Laniarius erythrogaster (Cretzschmar, 1829); and Turdinirmus australissimus n. sp. ex Zoothera lunulata lunulata (Latham, 1802). The name Olivinirmus paraffinis nom. nov. is proposed as a replacement for the preoccupied Brueelia affinis Carriker, 1963. We place 23 names in synonymy, and we consider 6 species as incertae sedis , 2 names as nomina nuda , and transfer 14 species names to genera not belonging to the Brueelia -complex. We redescribe and illustrate most of the type species of the genera or subgenera included in this revision. Keys to genera, subgenera, and species groups are given, together with updated louse-host and host-louse checklists for 426 species of lice currently placed in the Brueelia -complex, including 183 new host-louse records.

Morphological revision of the hyperdiverse Brueelia -complex (Insecta: Phthiraptera: Ischnocera: Philopteridae) with new taxa, checklists and generic key

Relations between the Morphology of Larvae and the Classification of Adults in the Ischnoceran Bird Biting Lice (Insecta, Phthiraptera, Ischnocera)



Morphological data on the postembryonic development of 86 species representing 51 genera of Ischnocera are considered in order to describe morphoclines or starting points for the following characters: coloration, structures of forehead, chaetotaxy of head, eyes, antennae, clavi, trabeculae, chaetotaxy of notum, tergites, pleurites, and metamery of abdomen. The results are compared with some classifications of the Ischnocera. The terminology of this study is fixed in a glossary.

http://phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/0084.pdf

Beziehungen zwischen Larvenmorphologie und Systematik der Adulti bei den Vogel‐Ischnozeren (Insecta, Phthiraptera, Ischnocera)

Mugaas, J.N., J. Seidensticker, and K. Mahlke-Johnson. Metabolic Adaptation to Climate and Distribution of the Raccoon Procyon lotor and Other Procyonidae. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, number 542, 34 pages, 8 figures, 12 tables, 1993.—Although the family Procyonidae is largely a Neotropical group, the North American raccoon, Procyon lotor, is more versatile in its use of climate, and it is found in nearly every habitat from Panama to 60°N in Canada. We hypothesized that most contemporary procyonids have remained in tropic and subtropic climates because they have retained the metabolic characteristics of their warm-adapted ancestors, whereas Procyon lotor evolved a different set of adaptations that have enabled it to generalize its use of habitats and climates. To test this hypothesis we compared Procyon lotor with several other procyonids (Bassariscus astutus, Nasua nasua, Nasua narica, Procyon cancrivorus, and Potos flavus) with respect to (1) basal metabolic rate (Hb), (2) minimum wet thermal conductance (Cmw), (3) diversity of diet (Dd), (4) intrinsic rate of natural increase (r ), and, where possible, (5) capacity for evaporative cooling (Ec). We measured basal and thermoregulatory metabolism, evaporative water loss, and body temperature of both sexes of Procyon lotor from north central Virginia, in summer and winter. Metabolic data for other procyonids were from literature, as were dietary and reproductive data for all species. Procyon lotor differed from other procyonids in all five variables. (1) Procyon lotor'& mass specific Hb (0.46 mL Ojg'h' 1 ) was 1.45 to 1.86 times greater than values for other procyonids. (2) Because of its annual molt, Procyon lotor's Cmw was about 49% higher in summer than winter, 0.0256 and 0.0172 mL O 2 g" 1 h l o C I , respectively. The ratio of measured to predicted Cmw for Procyon lotor in winter (1.15) was similar to values calculated for Potos flavus (1.02) and Procyon cancrivorus (1.25). Values for other procyonids were higher than this, but less than the value for Procyon lotor (1.76) in summer. On a mass specific basis, Bassariscus astutus had the lowest Cmw with a ratio of 0.85. (3) Procyon lotor utilized three times as many food categories as Procyon cancrivorus, Nasua nasua, and Bassariscus astutus; about two times as many as Nasua narica; and nine times as many as Potos flavus. (4) Intrinsic rate of natural increase correlated positively with Hb. Procyon lotor had the highest r ^ (2.52 of expected) and Potos flavus the lowest (0.48 of expected). The other procyonids examined also had low Hb, but their rmax's were higher than predicted (1.11-1.32 of expected). Early age of first female reproduction, fairly large litter size, long life span, high-quality diet, and, in one case, female social organization all compensated for low Hb and elevated rmax. (5) Although data on the capacity for evaporative cooling were incomplete, this variable appeared to be best developed in Procyon lotor and Bassariscus astutus, the two species that have been most successful at including temperate climates in their distributions. These five variables are functionally interrelated, and have co-evolved in each species to form a unique adaptive unit that regulates body temperature and energy balance throughout each annual cycle. The first four variables were converted into normalized dimensionless numbers, which were used to derive a composite score that represented each species' adaptive unit. Procyon lotor had the highest composite score (1.47) and Potos flavus the lowest (0.39). Scores for the other procyonids were intermediate to these extremes (0.64-0.79). There was a positive correlation between the number of climates a species occupies and the magnitude of its composite score. Linear regression of this relationship indicated that 89% of the variance in climatic distribution was attributed to the composite scores. Differences in metabolic adaptation, therefore, have played a role in delimiting climatic distribution of these species. It was clear that Procyon lotor differed from the other procyonids with respect to thermoregulatory ability, diet, and reproductive potential. These differences have enabled it to become a highly successful climate generalise and its evolution of an Hb that is higher than the procyonid norm appears to be the cornerstone of its success. OFFICIAL PUBLICATION DATE is handstamped in a limited number of initial copies and is recorded in the Instituion's annual report, Smithsonian Year. SERIES COVER DESIGN: The coral Montastrea cavernosa (Linnaeus). Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publicalion Data Mugaas, John N. Metabolic adaptation to climate and distribution of the raccoon Procyon lotor and other Procyonidae / John N. Mugaas, John Seidensticker, and Kathleen P. Mahlke-Johnson. p. cm.—(Smithsonian contributions to zoology ; no. 542) Includes bibliographical references (p. ). 1. Raccoons-Metabolism-Climatic factors. 2. Procyonidae-Metabolism-Climatic factors. 3. RaccoonsGeographical distribution. 4. Procyonidae-Geographical distribution. I. Seidensticker, John. II. MahlkeJohnson. Kathleen. III. Title. IV. Series. QL1.S54 no. 542 [QL737.C26] 591 s-dc20 [599.74'443'04542] 93-3119 ® The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials z39.48—1984.

Metabolic Adaptation to Climate and Distribution of the Raccoon Procyon Lotor and Other Procyonidae

Studies on morphology of nymphs of selected Amblycera and Ischnocera (Mallophaga)

A preliminary study on Mallophaga in South African birds

Knowledge of morphometric characteristics of Heterodoxus spiniger was widened on the basis of material collected from dog (Canis familiaris) from India. Study, mostly by scanning electron microscope, concerned the males, females and nymphs of H. spiniger. The functional role of some elements, particularly observed surface ultrastructures, has been pointed out. The differences between postembrional stages were determined as well as literature data on H. spiniger were critically analysed.

Jadwiga Złotorzycka

Papers

Studies on morphology of nymphs of selected Amblycera and Ischnocera (Mallophaga)

A preliminary study on Mallophaga in South African birds

Heterodoxus spiniger (Boopiidae, Mallophaga) from Canis familiaris from India in the light and scanning electron microscopes.

Notulae Mallophagologicae. XIV. Prunellides annae nov. gen. et spec. von Prunella modularis

Eine neue Art der Gattung Uchida Ewing (Mallophaga, Menoponidae, Menacanthinae)