Advances in information and communication technologies (ICT) enable a great opportunity to develop the residential demand response that is relevant in smart grid applications. Demand response (DR) aims to manage the required demand to match the available energy resources without adding new generation capacity. Expanding the DR to cover the residential sector in addition to the industrial and commercial sectors gives rise to a wide range of challenges. This study presents an overview of the literature on residential DR systems, load-scheduling techniques, and the latest ICT that supports residential DR applications. Furthermore, challenges are highlighted and analyzed, which are likely to become relevant research topics with regard to the residential DR of smart grid. The literature review shows that most DR schemes suffer from an externality problem that involves the effect of high-level customer consumption on the price rates of other customers, especially during peak period. A recommendation for using adaptive multi-consumption level pricing scheme is presented to overcome this challenge. *Corresponding author at: Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Tenaga Nasional Universiti, P13-B-07-06, Sri Cempaka, Jalan Sepakat Indah 2/2 Taman Sep, Kajang 43000 Selangor, Malaysia. Tel.: +60 183262643.

A review of residential demand response of smart grid

Review: The role of communication systems in smart grids: Architectures, technical solutions and research challenges

Survey A survey of routing protocols for smart grid communications

As we edge closer to the broad implementation of intelligent transportation systems, the need to extend the perceptual bounds of sensor-equipped vehicles beyond the individual vehicle is more pressing than ever. Research and standardization efforts toward vehicle to everything (V2X), technology is intended to enable the communication of individual vehicles with both one another and supporting road infrastructure. The topic has drawn interest from a large number of stakeholders, from governmental authorities to automotive manufacturers and mobile network operators. With interest sourced from many disparate parties and a wealth of research on a large number of topics, trying to grasp the bigger picture of V2X development can be a daunting task. In this tutorial survey, to the best of our knowledge, we collate research across a number of topics in V2X, from historical developments to standardization activities and a high-level view of research in a number of important fields. In so doing, we hope to provide a useful reference for the state of V2X research and development for newcomers and veterans alike.

V2X Access Technologies: Regulation, Research, and Remaining Challenges

In this paper, we introduce the incremental welfare consensus algorithm for solving the energy management problem in a smart grid environment populated with distributed generators and responsive demands. The proposed algorithm is distributed and cooperative such that it eliminates the need for a central energy-management unit, central price coordinator, or leader. The optimum energy solution is found through local peer-to-peer communications among smart devices. Each distributed generation unit is connected to a local price regulator, as is each consumer unit. In response to the price of energy proposed by the local price regulators, the power regulator on each generation/consumer unit determines the level of generation/consumption power needed to optimize the benefit of the device. The consensus-based coordination among price regulators drives the behavior of the overall system toward the global optimum, despite the greedy behavior of each unit. The primary advantages of the proposed approach are: 1) convergence to the global optimum without requiring a central controller/coordinator or leader, despite the greedy behavior at the individual level and limited communications; and 2) scalability in terms of per-node computation and communications burden.

Incremental Welfare Consensus Algorithm for Cooperative Distributed Generation/Demand Response in Smart Grid

A challenge faced by smart grid systems is providing highly reliable transmissions to better serve different types of electrical applications and improve the energy efficiency of the system. Although wireless networking technologies can provide highspeed and cost-effective solutions, their performance may be impaired by various factors that affect the reliability of smart grid networks. Here, we first suggest the use of IEEE 802.11s-based wireless LAN mesh networks as high-speed wireless backbone networks for smart grid infrastructure to provide high scalability and flexibility while ensuring low installation and management costs. Thereafter, we analyze some vital problems of the IEEE 802.11s default routing protocol (named hybrid wireless mesh protocol; HWMP) from the perspective of transfer reliability, and propose appropriate solutions with a new routing method called HWMP-reliability enhancement to improve the routing reliability of 802.11s-based smart grid mesh networking. A simulation study using ns-3 was conducted to demonstrate the superiorityof the proposed schemes.

Improving the reliability of IEEE 802.11s based wireless mesh networks for smart grid systems

Smart grid environments require high standard of reliable transmission technologies to support various types of electrical services and applications. This paper recommends the utilization of IEEE 802.11s based Wireless LAN Mesh Networks as the high-speed backbone networks for smart grid infrastructure. 802.11s based mesh networks can provide high scalability and flexibility, along with low installation and management costs. We also describe some challenging issues of the IEEE 802.11s WLAN mesh based smart grid networks, and propose two novel methods for improving their routing reliability. A simulation study using the ns-3 was conducted to evaluate an important problem in the current mesh networks and prove the superiority of our proposed scheme.

Improving IEEE 802.11s Wireless Mesh Networks for Reliable Routing in the Smart Grid Infrastructure

Context and situational awareness are key features and trends of the smart grid and enable adaptable, flexible and extendable smart grid services. However, the traditional hardware-dependent communication infrastructure is not designed to identify the flow and context of data, and it focuses only on packet forwarding using a pre-defined network configuration profile. Thus, the current network infrastructure may not dynamically adapt the various business models and services of the smart grid system. To solve this problem, software-defined networking (SDN) is being considered in the smart grid, but the design, architecture and system model need to be optimized for the smart grid environment. In this paper, we investigate the state-of-the-art smart grid information subsystem, communication infrastructure and its emerging trends and potentials, called an SDN-enabled smart grid. We present an abstract business model, candidate SDN applications and common architecture of the SDN-enabled smart grid. Further, we compare recent studies into the SDN-enabled smart grid depending on its service functionalities, and we describe further challenges of the SDN-enabled smart grid network infrastructure.

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Trends and Potentials of the Smart Grid Infrastructure: From ICT Sub-System to SDN-Enabled Smart Grid Architecture

OpenFlow is the first standard interface for realizing Software-Defined Networking (SDN) that can decouple the data and control plane to provide scalable network management. To validate the performance and features of the OpenFlow standard, many researchers have utilized specialized hardware network devices such as NetFPGA. However, these devices are not suitable for implementing a small-scale SDN testbed due to high cost, complexity, and specialized programming languages. The well-known SDN emulator, Mininet[l], is also widely utilized but it is not enough to support network dynamicity and the performance of the virtualized hosts. In this paper, we suggest a more cost-effective alternative of implementing SDN testbed with Open vSwitch (OVS), based on the Raspberry-Pi that is a low-cost embedded Linux machine. We validate our testbed with the OpenFlow specification 1.0 and prove that its maximum network throughput shows almost the same performance compared to the NetFPGA-1G.

/pdf/developing-a-cost-effective-openflow-testbed-for-small-scale-4lsbnd1fxx.pdf

Developing a cost-effective OpenFlow testbed for small-scale Software Defined Networking

Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) network is the capillary communication network for smart grid that does not only provide the data collection from each household but also delivers configuration requests from intelligent energy services. However, the smart grid network challenges like heterogeneity, large-scale, and distributed operation must be solved for reliable and stable smart grid services. Software defined networking (SDN) can help improving the network scalability and consistency issues by separating control and data planes, but it needs to be optimized for resource-constrained AMI devices. To solve this problem, we suggest a new design for an SDN controller-client system based on the constrained application protocol (CoAP). The proposed system is completed with a message exchange procedure, a network policy execution and a simplified routing strategy. The experiment and simulation results of CoAP based SDN and its software defined routing application outperforms traditional SDN and routing protocols in terms of control message overhead, reliability, and QoS in large-scale AMI environment.

Jaebeom Kim

Papers

Improving the reliability of IEEE 802.11s based wireless mesh networks for smart grid systems

Improving IEEE 802.11s Wireless Mesh Networks for Reliable Routing in the Smart Grid Infrastructure

Trends and Potentials of the Smart Grid Infrastructure: From ICT Sub-System to SDN-Enabled Smart Grid Architecture

Developing a cost-effective OpenFlow testbed for small-scale Software Defined Networking

A lightweight CoAP-based software defined networking for resource constrained AMI devices