There is, I think, something ethereal about i —the square root of minus one. I remember first hearing about it at school. It seemed an odd beast at that time—an intruder hovering on the edge of reality.

Usually familiarity dulls this sense of the bizarre, but in the case of i it was the reverse: over the years the sense of its surreal nature intensified. It seemed that it was impossible to write mathematics that described the real world in …

I and i

Review of recent research on hepatitis C therapy for 54th annual meeting of the American association for the study of liver diseases

Designing microgrid energy markets : A case study : The Brooklyn Microgrid

The chemical production of graphene as well as its controlled wet chemical modification is a challenge for synthetic chemists. Furthermore, the characterization of reaction products requires sophisticated analytical methods. In this Review we first describe the structure of graphene and graphene oxide and then outline the most important synthetic methods that are used for the production of these carbon-based nanomaterials. We summarize the state-of-the-art for their chemical functionalization by noncovalent and covalent approaches. We put special emphasis on the differentiation of the terms graphite, graphene, graphite oxide, and graphene oxide. An improved fundamental knowledge of the structure and the chemical properties of graphene and graphene oxide is an important prerequisite for the development of practical applications.

Chemistry with graphene and graphene oxide-challenges for synthetic chemists.

Fourier transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy is a versatile technique for the characterization of materials belonging to the carbon family. Based on the interaction of the IR radiation with matter this technique may be used for the identification and characterization of chemical structures. Most important features of this method are: non-destructive, real-time measurement and relatively easy to use. Carbon basis for all living systems has found numerous industrial applications from carbon coatings (i.e. amorphous and nanocrystalline carbon films: diamond-like carbon (DLC) films) to nanostructured materials (fullerenes, nanotubes, graphene) and carbon materials at nanoscale or carbon dots (CDots). In this paper, we present the FTIR vibrational spectroscopy for the characterization of diamond, amorphous carbon, graphite, graphene, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), fullerene and carbon quantum dots (CQDs), without claiming to cover entire field.

FTIR Spectroscopy for Carbon Family Study

An efficient two stage stochastic optimal energy and reserve management in a microgrid

In this paper, a new reactive power spot price index (QSPI) has been suggested to determine the optimal location of static VAr compensator (SVC) in the power system. The proposed index has been computed at each bus based on the reactive power spot price under different loading conditions for the system intact and critical line outage contingency cases. The effectiveness of the proposed method has been tested on two practical Indian systems. The results show that the suggested method of SVC placement is effective in reducing the real and reactive power spot prices, generation cost, system real power loss, total wheeling charges, and enhancing the system loading margin during normal as well as critical contingency cases.

An Approach for Optimal Placement of Static VAr Compensators Based on Reactive Power Spot Price

Portfolio optimization in finance is the optimal allocation of financial assets in different stocks, mutual funds, bonds, etc. to maximize the returns with risk tolerance. Sortino ratio is a measure for calculating risk adjusted return of investment portfolios. Here, it is adapted for power portfolio optimization in microgrid where total load demand (including losses) is optimally distributed to different microsources so that profit per unit risk of aggregator is maximized. The diminishment in profit (from energy and reserve markets) with reference to a target profit, for different levels of uncertainties in renewable energy and electric vehicles (EVs), is consolidated to find an estimate of risk. The profit relating to deterministic forecasted data of renewable energy and pre-dispatch information from the EV parking lots is considered as the risk free target profit. The reserve market is balanced using demand response, grid power purchase, EV discharging, and other dispatchable energy sources to compensate possible discrepancy between scheduled and actual dispatch. Stochastic weight tradeoff particle swarm optimization (SWT-PSO) is used to maximize the Sortino ratio subjected to constraints of a modified backward--forward sweep (BFS) power flow problem. The results are found to be better in terms of reduced financial risk and increased robustness to uncertainties.

Sortino Ratio Based Portfolio Optimization Considering EVs and Renewable Energy in Microgrid Power Market

The continuous change in power demand and supply altered the power flow patterns in transmission networks in such a way that some of the corridors are lightly loaded and some of the corridors get over loaded. This raises serious challenge in operating the power system in secure and reliable manner. To cope with this problem flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS) is used. It plays a very important role in improving the power system operating performance but these devices are costly and need to be placed optimally in power system. This paper suggests a new sensitivity based approach to locate thyristor controlled series compensator (TCSC) and unified power flow controller (UPFC) for enhancing the power system loadability. The effectiveness of the proposed method is tested and illustrated on 5-bus and IEEE 14-bus systems.

Placement of FACTS controllers for enhancing power system loadability

Summary form only given. In this paper, a new reactive power spot price index (QSPI) has been suggested to determine the optimal location of static VAr compensator (SVC) in the power system. The proposed index has been computed at each bus based on the reactive power spot price under different loading conditions for the system intact and critical line outage contingency cases. The effectiveness of the proposed method has been tested on two practical Indian systems. The results show that the suggested method of SVC placement is effective in reducing the real and reactive power spot prices, generation cost, system real power loss, total wheeling charges, and enhancing the system loading margin during normal as well as critical contingency cases.

Jai Govind Singh

Papers

An efficient two stage stochastic optimal energy and reserve management in a microgrid

An Approach for Optimal Placement of Static VAr Compensators Based on Reactive Power Spot Price

Sortino Ratio Based Portfolio Optimization Considering EVs and Renewable Energy in Microgrid Power Market

Placement of FACTS controllers for enhancing power system loadability

An approach for optimal placement of static VAr compensators based on reactive power spot price