White button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) lowers blood glucose and cholesterol levels in diabetic and hypercholesterolemic rats.

Sambucus nigra (elder) has been documented as a traditional treatment of diabetes. In the present study, an aqueous extract of elder (AEE, 1 g/L) significantly increased 2-deoxy-glucose transport, glucose oxidation and glycogenesis of mouse abdominal muscle in the absence of added insulin (2 x 2 factorial design). in acute 20-min tests, 0.25-1 g/L AEE evoked a stepwise stimulation of insulin secretion from clonal pancreatic beta-cells. The insulin releasing effect of AEE (0.5 g/L) was significantly potentiated by 16.7 mmol/L of glucose and significantly reduced by 0.5 mmol/L of diazoxide. AEE did not further enhance insulin secretion in cells stimulated by 10 mmol/L of L-alanine, 1 mmol/L of 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine or a depolarizing concentration of KCl (25 mmol/L). Prior exposure of clonal pancreatic beta-cells to AEE did not alter subsequent stimulation of insulin secretion induced by 10 mmol/L of L-alanine, thereby precluding a detrimental effect on cell viability. The insulinotropic action of AEE was partially dependent upon use of heat during extract preparation. Activity of AEE was heat-stable, acetone-insoluble and unaltered by prolonged exposure to acid/alkali (0.1 mol/L of HCl and NaOH). However, activity was significantly decreased 41% by dialysis to remove components with molecular mass <2000 Da. Sequential extraction with solvents revealed activity in both methanol and water fractions, indicating a cumulative effect of more than one extract constituent. Known constituents of elder, including lectin, rutin and the lipophilic triterpenoid (lupeol) and sterol (beta-sitosterol), did not stimulate insulin secretion. The results demonstrate the presence of insulin-releasing and insulin-like activity in the traditional antidiabetic plant, Sambucus nigra.

The Traditional Plant Treatment, Sambucus nigra (elder), Exhibits Insulin-Like and Insulin-Releasing Actions In Vitro

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Nature's own pharmacy: The diabetes perspective

This study was designed to determine the therapeutic effect of Agaricus bisporus lectins (ABL) by the regeneration of β-cells in mice following 70% partial pancreatectomy (PPx), and to explore the mechanisms of ABL-induced β-cell proliferation. Adult C57BL/6J mice were subjected to a 70% PPx operation or a sham operation, and mice received 10 mg/kg body weight of ABL or saline immediately after surgery. Blood glucose concentrations and insulin secretion levels were measured. To determine the growth rates of β-cells and duct cells, immunohistological analysis of pancreatic tissues was performed. Key cell cycle proteins and β-cell specific genes were measured by realtime polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting and immunohistological staining. In this study, a significant decrease in blood glucose concentrations, increase in glucose tolerance and expanded β-cell mass were observed in the ABL-treated mice. At the same time, after ABL treatment, increased β-cell proliferation rates were observed. Further studies on the expression of cyclin D1, cyclin D2 and Cdk4 demonstrated that these genes were significantly up-regulated in the ABL-treated mice. Meanwhile, Cdk4 activity was also enhanced. Moreover, the expression of PDX-1 (pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1), Ngn3 (neurogenin 3), insulin, GLUT-1 (glucose transporter 1) and glucokinase was also increased in the ABL-treated mice. These findings demonstrate that ABL administration could partially reverse the impaired β-cell growth potential by regulating cell cycle proteins. Induction of islet β-cell proliferation by ABL suggests the therapeutic potential in preventing and/or treating diabetes.

Agaricus bisporus lectins mediates islet β-cell proliferation through regulation of cell cycle proteins.

The mushroom Agaricus bisporus secretes biologically active compounds and proteins with benefits for human health. Most reported proteins from A. bisporus are tyrosinases and lectins. Lectins are of therapeutic or pharmaceutical interest. To date, only limited information is available on A. bisporus lectins and lectin-like proteins. No therapeutic products derived from A. bisporus lectin (ABL) are available on the market despite its extensive exploration. Recently, A. bisporus mannose-binding protein (Abmb) was discovered. Its discovery enriches the information and increases the interest in proteins with therapeutic potential from this mushroom. Furthermore, the A. bisporus genome reveals the possible occurrence of other lectins in this mushroom that may also have therapeutic potential. Most of these putative lectins belong to the same lectin groups as ABL and Abmb. Their relationship is discussed. Particular attention is addressed to ABL and Abmb, which have been explored for their potential in medicinal or pharmaceutical applications. ABL and Abmb have anti-proliferative activities toward cancer cells and a stimulatory effect on the immune system. Possible scenarios for their use in therapy and modification are also presented.

https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/25/10/2368/pdf

Lectins from the Edible Mushroom Agaricus bisporus and Their Therapeutic Potentials.

Thein vitro basal insulin release and45Ca2+ uptake by rat islets of Langerhans remain unaffected by the animal’s age. However, whenAgaricus bisporus lectin PHA-B is added to the medium, there is a significant stimulation of basal insulin secretion and45Ca2+ uptake. The islets isolated from younger rats are more sensitive toA. bisporus PHA-B stimulation and register 1.5-fold and 3-fold more increases of insulin release and45Ca2+ uptake respectively as compared to islets isolated from 12-month-old rats. Age-related conformational changes in the B-cell membrane are suggested as a possible explanation for the above observation.

Jalil R. Kidwal

Papers

Effect of age on Agaricus bisporus PHA-B stimulated insulin release and 45Ca2+ uptake in vitro by islets of Langerhans.