James B. Johnson

TL;DR: The authors found that black youths are usually more likely to receive harsher treatment than whites in regard to prehearing detention and final penalty, while Whites are more likely not to be found delinquent.

TL;DR: This article examined the connection between race and attitudes toward crime and found that race was a significant factor only on attitudes toward court harshness and use of wiretaps once other factors were controlled.

TL;DR: This article found that black youths are usually more likely to receive harsher treatment than are whites in terms of experiencing pre-hearing detention, being formally prosecuted by petition, and receiving a harsher final penalty.

TL;DR: The authors examined the relationship between religiosity and political participation and found that religious commitment to religion is associated with political participation in both voting and protest demonstrations, and membership in voluntary associations among Black and White Americans.

Abstract: Since the Civil Rights &dquo;revolution&dquo; of the 1960s, research has shown the growing importance of the African American and Hispanic electorates in American national politics. This is reflected in growing percentages of African American voters (Levy & Kramer, 1972, p. 51; U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, 1975, pp. 40-52; U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1987, Table 420, p. 244; U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1991, Table 450, p. 268) and the agreement of much research that lower overall percentages of African American compared to White political participation is due to socioeconomic and demographic factors rather than to factors associated to race per se (Babchuk & Thompson, 1962; Orum, 1966; Secret & Welch, 1989; Verba & Nie, 1972; Welch & Secret, 1981; Williams, Babchuk, & Johnson, 1973; Winkler, Judal, & Kelman, 1981-1982).’Although Hispanic participation remains lower than that of Whites or African Americans (Antunes & Gaitz, 1975; Barbosa-DaSilva, 1968; Uhlaner, Cain, & Kiewiet, 1989), much of this difference, too, may be due to socioeconomic status differences (Greene, 1990). Another area that suggests the growing impact of racial and ethnic minorities within the political realm of the United States is the impact of these electorates on representational behavior. Research by Combs, Hibbing, and Welch (1984) indicates that U.S.