G eant 4 is a toolkit for simulating the passage of particles through matter. It includes a complete range of functionality including tracking, geometry, physics models and hits. The physics processes offered cover a comprehensive range, including electromagnetic, hadronic and optical processes, a large set of long-lived particles, materials and elements, over a wide energy range starting, in some cases, from 250 eV and extending in others to the TeV energy range. It has been designed and constructed to expose the physics models utilised, to handle complex geometries, and to enable its easy adaptation for optimal use in different sets of applications. The toolkit is the result of a worldwide collaboration of physicists and software engineers. It has been created exploiting software engineering and object-oriented technology and implemented in the C++ programming language. It has been used in applications in particle physics, nuclear physics, accelerator design, space engineering and medical physics.

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Geant4—a simulation toolkit

The stopping and range of ions in matter is physically very complex, and there are few simple approximations which are accurate. However, if modern calculations are performed, the ion distributions can be calculated with good accuracy, typically better than 10%. This review will be in several sections: 

a)

A brief exposition of what can be determined by modern calculations.




b)

A review of existing widely-cited tables of ion stopping and ranges.




c)

A review of the calculation of accurate ion stopping powers.

The stopping and range of ions in solids

SRIM is a software package concerning the S topping and R ange of I ons in M atter. Since its introduction in 1985, major upgrades are made about every six years. Currently, more than 700 scientific citations are made to SRIM every year. For SRIM-2010 , the following major improvements have been made: (1) About 2800 new experimental stopping powers were added to the database, increasing it to over 28,000 stopping values. (2) Improved corrections were made for the stopping of ions in compounds. (3) New heavy ion stopping calculations have led to significant improvements on SRIM stopping accuracy. (4) A self-contained SRIM module has been included to allow SRIM stopping and range values to be controlled and read by other software applications. (5) Individual interatomic potentials have been included for all ion/atom collisions, and these potentials are now included in the SRIM package. A full catalog of stopping power plots can be downloaded at www.SRIM.org . Over 500 plots show the accuracy of the stopping and ranges produced by SRIM along with 27,000 experimental data points. References to the citations which reported the experimental data are included.

SRIM – The stopping and range of ions in matter (2010)

Geant4 - A Simulation Toolkit

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SRIM : the stopping and range of ions in matter

The purpose of this chapter is to review the calculation f the stopping and the final range distribution of ions in matter. During the last thirty years there have been published scores of tables and books evaluating the parameters of energetic ion penetration of matter. Rarely have the authors of these reference works included any evaluation of the accuracy of the tabulated numbers. We have chosen to show the development of ion penetration theory by tracing how, as the theory developed through the years, various parts have been incorporated into tables and increased their accuracy. This approach restricts our comments to those theoretical advances which have made significant contributions to the obtaining of practical ion stopping powers and range distributions. The Tables reviewed were chosen because of their extensive citation in the literature.

James F. Ziegler

Papers

The stopping and range of ions in solids

SRIM : the stopping and range of ions in matter

The Stopping and Ranges of Ions in Matter

Hydrogen Stopping Powers and Ranges in All Elements

Helium: Stopping Powers and Ranges in All Elemental Matter