The worldwide spread of modern economic growth has depended chiefly on the diffusion of a body of knowledge concerning new production techniques. The acquisition and application of this knowledge by different countries has been governed largely by whether their populations have acquired traits and motivations associated with formal schooling. To judge from the historical experience of the worlds 25 largest nations the establishment and expansion of formal schooling has depended in large part on political conditions and ideological influences. The limited spread of modern economic growth before the 2nd World War has thus been due at bottom to important political and economic differences throughout the world that affected the timing of the establishment and expansion of mass schooling. Since the war there has been growing uniformity among the nations of the world modern education systems have been established almost everywhere and the spread of modern economic growth has noticeably accelerated. (authors modified)

Why Isn't the Whole World Developed?

An economic framework for fertility analysis is discussed. When the theory of consumer behavior is applied to childbearing fertility is viewed as the consumer demand for children over other goods. Standard economic theory limits the determinants of fertility to 1) the demand for children and 2) the cost of fertility regulation. The broader economic theory presented here includes child production potential as a determinant in human fertility. Production potential allows for the application of consumer behavior theory to a greater number of world conditions such as nonmarital fertility fluctuation in fertility in premodern times the decline in fertility in industrialized societies and the distinctions made between social vs. individual control of fertility.

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An economic framework for fertility analysis.

1. Introduction 2. Why do states support terrorism? 3. The nature and impact of state support 4. Iran and the Lebanese Hizballah 5. Syria and Palestinian radical groups 6. Pakistan and Kashmir 7. Afghanistan under the Taliban 8. Passive sponsors of terrorism 9. The difficulties of stopping state sponsorship 10. Halting support for terrorism.

Deadly Connections: States that Sponsor Terrorism

A short answer is, not very. In contrast to economic growth, where the free market is commonly viewed as a prime mover, mortality in the last two centuries has not been greatly helped by market forces. The classic sources of market failure – information failures, externalities, public goods, principal-agent, and free rider problems – have been pervasive. Nor has economic growth itself been behind the worldwide improvement in life expectancy. In the primitive state of nineteenth century health knowledge, the immense rise in urbanisation engendered by economic growth largely vitiated any positive level-of-living effects by increasing exposure to disease. Instead, public policy initiatives, based on new knowledge of disease and new institutions, have been essential to the improvement of life expectancy, both in urban areas and nationwide. Sweepings from butchers' stalls, dung, guts, and blood, Drowned puppies, stinking sprats, all drenched in mud, Dead cats, and turnip tops, come tumbling down the flood. – Jonathan Swift, A Description of a City Shower , 1710

How beneficent is the market? A look at the modern history of mortality.

The international relations of the Middle East have long been dominated by uncertainty and conflict External intervention, interstate war, political upheaval and interethnic violence are compounded by the vagaries of oil prices and the claims of military nationalist and religious movements Fred Halliday sets this region and its conflicts in context, providing on the one hand, a historical introduction to its character and problems, and, on the other, a reasoned analysis of its politics In an engagement with both the study of the Middle East and the theoretical analysis of international relations, Halliday, one of the best known and most respected scholars writing on the region today, offers a compelling and original interpretation Written in a clear, accessible and interactive style, the book is designed for students, policymakers, and the general reader Fred Halliday is Professor of International Relations at the London School of Economics He is the author and editor of several publications including Two Hours that Shook the World: September 11, 2001: Causes and Consequences (Tauris, 2002), Islam & the Myth of Confrontation (Tauris, 2002), The World at 2000: Perils and Promises (Macmillan, 2001), and Nation and Religion in the Middle East (Lynne Rienner, 2000)

http://www.akademikortadogu.com/belge/ortadogu4%20makale/muhammer_eksi.pdf

The Middle East in International Relations: Power, Politics and Ideology

Egypt, Islam, and the Arabs: The Search for Egyptian Nationhood, 1900-1930

AcknowledgmentsIntroduction, by Israel Gershoni and James JankowskiPart I. Narrativity I: Mechanics of Historiography: How Academics Construct Nationalist History1. Rethinking the Formation of Arab Nationalism in the Middle East, 1920-1945: Old and New Narratives, by Israel Gershoni2. The Formation of Yemeni Nationalism: Initial Reflections, by Fred Halliday3. The Tropes of Stagnation and Awakening in Nationalist Historical Consciousness: The Egyptian Case, by Gabriel PiterbergPart II. Narrativity II: Mechanics of Ideology: How Nationalists Construct Nationalist History4. The Arab Nationalism of George Antonius Reconsidered, by William L. Cleveland5. The Imposition of Nationalism on a Non-Nation State: The Case of Iraq During the Interwar Period, 1921-1941, by Reeva S. Simon6. Nationalist Iconography: Egypt as a Woman, by Beth BaronPart III. Discursive Competitions: The Interplay of Rival Nationalist Visions7. Nationalizing the Pharaonic Past: Egyptology, Imperialism, and Egyptian Nationalism, 1922-1952, by Donald M. Reid8. Arab Nationalism in "Nasserism" and Egyptian State Policy, 1952-1958, by James JankowskiPart IV. Polycentrism9. The Formation of Palestinian Identity: The Critical Years, 1917-1923, by Rashid Khalidi10. The Palestinians: Tensions Between Nationalist and Religious Identities, by Musa Budeiri11. Arab Nationalism in the Age of the Islamic Resurgence, by Emmanuel SivanPart V. Nationalist Diffusion from the Bottom Up: Other Voices12. The Other Arab Nationalism: Syrian/Arab Populism in Its Historical and International Contexts, by James L. Gelvin13. Arab Workers and Arab Nationalism in Palestine: A View from Below, by Zachary Lockman14. The Paradoxical in Arab Nationalism: Interwar Syria Revisited, by Philip S. KhouryNotesGlossary of Arabic TermsWorks Cited in the TextContributorsIndex

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Rethinking nationalism in the Arab Middle East

1. The roots of supra-Egyptian nationalism in modern Egypt Part I. The Intellectual Formulation and Social Dissemination of New Supra-Egyptian Orientations and Ideologies: 2. 'Now is the turn of the East': Egyptian Easternism in the 1930s 3. 'The return of Islam': the new Islamic mood in Egypt 4. Egyptian Islamic nationalism 5. Integral Egyptian nationalism 6. Egyptian Arab nationalism Part II. Supra-Egyptianism in Egyptian Politics: 7. Egypt, Arab alliance, and Islamic Caliphate, 1936-1939 8. Palestine, public opinion, and Egyptian policy, 1936-1939 9. The road to the Arab League, 1939-1945 l0. Conclusion: from Egyptian territorial to supra-Egyptian nationalism.

Redefining the Egyptian nation, 1930-1945

The Modern History of Egypt

Introduction. From the Old Regime to the New: The Revolution of 1952. The Nationalism of Jamal 'Abd al-Nasser. The Search for a Regional Role, 1952-1954. Years of Struggle: Egypt in the Arab World, 1955-1957. The Creation of the United Arab Republic. Experiment in Unity: The United Arab Republic in Operation. The United Arab Republic in Inter-Arab Politics. The Breakup of the United Arab Republic. Conclusion.

James Jankowski

Papers

Egypt, Islam, and the Arabs: The Search for Egyptian Nationhood, 1900-1930

Rethinking nationalism in the Arab Middle East

Redefining the Egyptian nation, 1930-1945

The Modern History of Egypt

Nasser's Egypt, Arab Nationalism, and the United Arab Republic