Basics of qualitative research: Grounded theory procedures and techniques

https://www.cell.com/cell/pdf/S0092-8674(04)00661-0.pdf

Recognition of Commensal Microflora by Toll-Like Receptors Is Required for Intestinal Homeostasis

https://aasldpubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/hep.1840190629

Classification of chronic hepatitis: diagnosis, grading and staging.

The fish gill is a multipurpose organ that, in addition to providing for aquatic gas exchange, plays dominant roles in osmotic and ionic regulation, acid-base regulation, and excretion of nitrogenous wastes Thus, despite the fact that all fish groups have functional kidneys, the gill epithelium is the site of many processes that are mediated by renal epithelia in terrestrial vertebrates Indeed, many of the pathways that mediate these processes in mammalian renal epithelial are expressed in the gill, and many of the extrinsic and intrinsic modulators of these processes are also found in fish endocrine tissues and the gill itself The basic patterns of gill physiology were outlined over a half century ago, but modern immunological and molecular techniques are bringing new insights into this complicated system Nevertheless, substantial questions about the evolution of these mechanisms and control remain

https://people.clas.ufl.edu/devans/files/PRVGill.pdf

The Multifunctional Fish Gill: Dominant Site of Gas Exchange, Osmoregulation, Acid-Base Regulation, and Excretion of Nitrogenous Waste

Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is the most potent mitogen for mature parenchymal hepatocytes in primary culture, and seems to be a hepatotrophic factor that acts as a trigger for liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy and liver injury. The partial purification and characterization of HGF have been reported. We have demonstrated that pure HGF from rat platelets is a new growth factor effective at concentrations as low as 1 ng ml-1. The effects of HGF and epidermal growth factor (EGF) are additive. The activity of HGF is not species-specific, although it does not stimulate growth in Swiss 3T3 fibroblasts. HGF has a relative molecular mass (Mr) of 82,000 and is a heterodimer composed of a large alpha-subunit of Mr 69,000 and a small beta-subunit of Mr 34,000. Here we report the amino-acid sequence of human HGF determined by complementary DNA cloning and the expression of biologically active human HGF from COS-1 cells transfected with cloned cDNA. The nucleotide sequence of the human HGF cDNA reveals that both alpha- and beta-chains are contained in a single open reading frame coding for a pre-pro precursor protein of 728 amino acids.

Molecular cloning and expression of human hepatocyte growth factor

Molecular medicine has led to rapid advances in the characterization of hepatobiliary transport systems that determine the uptake and excretion of bile salts and other biliary constituents in the l...

https://www.physiology.org/doi/pdf/10.1152/physrev.00027.2002

Bile Salt Transporters: Molecular Characterization, Function, and Regulation

The formation of bile is a vital function, and its impairment by drugs or infectious, autoimmune, metabolic, or genetic disorders results in the syndrome commonly known as cholestasis.1 The secreti...

Molecular Pathogenesis of Cholestasis

Bile is a unique and vital aqueous secretion of the liver that is formed by the hepatocyte and modified down stream by absorptive and secretory properties of the bile duct epithelium. Approximately 5% of bile consists of organic and inorganic solutes of considerable complexity. The bile-secretory unit consists of a canalicular network which is formed by the apical membrane of adjacent hepatocytes and sealed by tight junctions. The bile canaliculi (∼1 μm in diameter) conduct the flow of bile countercurrent to the direction of portal blood flow and connect with the canal of Hering and bile ducts which progressively increase in diameter and complexity prior to the entry of bile into the gallbladder, common bile duct, and intestine. Canalicular bile secretion is determined by both bile salt-dependent and independent transport systems which are localized at the apical membrane of the hepatocyte and largely consist of a series of adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette transport proteins that function as export pumps for bile salts and other organic solutes. These transporters create osmotic gradients within the bile canalicular lumen that provide the driving force for movement of fluid into the lumen via aquaporins. Species vary with respect to the relative amounts of bile salt-dependent and independent canalicular flow and cholangiocyte secretion which is highly regulated by hormones, second messengers, and signal transduction pathways. Most determinants of bile secretion are now characterized at the molecular level in animal models and in man. Genetic mutations serve to illuminate many of their functions.

/pdf/bile-formation-and-secretion-4rm9ncnccf.pdf

Bile formation and secretion.

https://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085(97)70103-3/pdf

The rat canalicular conjugate export pump (Mrp2) is down-regulated in intrahepatic and obstructive cholestasis

https://aasldpubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/hep.30145

James L. Boyer

Papers

Bile Salt Transporters: Molecular Characterization, Function, and Regulation

Molecular Pathogenesis of Cholestasis

Bile formation and secretion.

The rat canalicular conjugate export pump (Mrp2) is down-regulated in intrahepatic and obstructive cholestasis

Primary Biliary Cholangitis: 2018 Practice Guidance from the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases.