Therefore, the seeker after the truth is not one who studies the writings of the ancients and, following his natural disposition, puts his trust in them, but rather the one who suspects his faith in them and questions what he gathers from them, the one who submits to argument and demonstration, and not to the sayings of a human being whose nature is fraught with all kinds of imperfection and de‹ciency. Thus the duty of the man who investigates the writings of scientists, if learning the truth is his goal, is to make himself the enemy of all that he reads, and, applying his mind to the core and margins of its content, attack it from every side. He should also suspect himself as he performs his critical examination of it, so that he may avoid falling into either prejudice or leniency. (Ibn al-Haytham)1

국제정치이론 = Theory of international politics

1. Power and global governance Michael N. Barnett and Raymond Duvall 2. Power, institutions, and the production of inequality Andrew Hurrell 3. Policing and global governance Mark Laffey and Jutta Weldes 4. Power, fairness and the global economy Ethan Kapstein 5. Power politics and the institutionalization of international relations Lloyd Gruber 6. Power, nested governance, and the WTO: a comparative institutional approach Greg Shaffer 7. The power of liberal international organizations Michael N. Barnett and Martha Finnemore 8. The power of interpretive communities Ian Johnstone 9. Class powers and the politics of global governance Mark Rupert 10. Global civil society and global governmentality: or, the search for the political and the state amidst capillaries of power Ronnie Lipschutz 11. Governing the innocent? The 'civilian' in international law Helen Kinsella 12. Colonial and postcolonial global governance Himadeep Muppidi 13. Knowledge in power: the epistemic construction of global governance Emanuel Adler and Steven Bernstein.

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Power in global governance

While the concept of `the national interest' has long been central to theories of international politics, its analytical usefulness has also been seriously challenged. I argue that, to be useful in accounting for state action, this concept should be reconceptualized in constructivist terms. I begin with a brief discussion of the conventional, realist notion of the national interest, lodging two criticisms against it. Then, starting from Wendt's recent constructivist interventions, I provide a constructivist reconceputalization of `the national interest'. I argue that national interests are produced in the construction, through the dual mechanisms of articulation and interpellation, of representations of international politics. This process of national interest construction is illustrated with a sketch of the production of the US national interest during the so-called `Cuban missile crisis'.

Constructing national interests

Basic Rights: Subsistence, Affluence, and U.S. Foreign Policy@@@Rights

The presence of Great Powers and outlaw states is a central but under-explored feature of international society. In this book, Gerry Simpson describes the ways in which an international legal order based on 'sovereign equality' has accommodated the Great Powers and regulated outlaw states since the beginning of the nineteenth-century. In doing so, the author offers a fresh understanding of sovereignty which he terms juridical sovereignty to show how international law has managed the interplay of three languages: the languages of Great Power prerogative, the language of outlawry (or anti-pluralism) and the language of sovereign equality. The co-existence and interaction of these three languages is traced through a number of moments of institutional transformation in the global order from the Congress of Vienna to the 'war on terrorism'. Relevance to contemporary political crises involving major powers and rogue states A rare historical study of international law Historical and legal analysis of wars in Kosovo and Afghanistan

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Great Powers and Outlaw States: Unequal Sovereigns in the International Legal Order

A number of recent developments have prompted a revival of interest in liberal theories of international relations, among them the spread of democratic institutions, economic liberalisation and the increasing significance of international institutions in many aspects of life. This paper argues that liberal international relations theory, overimpressed by developments such as these, risks becoming an apologia for a narrow version of liberalism currently promoted by Western governments. The challenge of rethinking the meaning of liberalism in a ‘globalising’ world characterised by extreme economic inequality, social upheavals and the reassertion of cultural differences—and the questions whether and how liberal values can at all be realised in such a world—have been left to political theorists, whose struggles with these issues attract little interest in an international relations discipline still largely committed to the idea of a purely empirical social science. The paper suggests that a different, ‘critical’ conception of liberalism offers a way of relating pressing liberal normative concerns to empirical research, instead of seeking to keep the two entirely separate. It presents a critique of current liberal international relations theory and outlines an alternative approach.

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Critical liberalism in international relations

The debate on moral issues in North-South Relations is not one into which J. D. B. Miller has entered at length, but his general position provides a good starting-point for analysing the welter of conflicting claims, and his comments point the way towards a distinctive and humane approach. Other chapters have discussed his view of the state as the central reality (more than a mere ‘actor’) in international relations. The present chapter will inquire into its normative impli­cations for the relations between the West and the Third World.

Ethical Issues in North-South Relations

This paper examines the reasons why it is commonly held that the underlying conditions which shape world politics at the present time are highly favourable to the avoidence of major war, and inquires into the implications of this thesis for the Asia–Pacific region. It suggests that arguments relating to democracy and peace, and the changing attitude to war in modern industrial societies, are inconclusive in the regional context, but that arguments concerning the changing costs and benefits of major war, and the effects of interdependence and globalisation, are more persuasive. Nonetheless, the prospects for peace depend also on policy choices: the paper argues that the most familiar approaches to policy, power balancing and the construction of cooperative security institutions, are of limited value and that greater weight should be placed on diplomacy, both in responding to crises and in promoting constructive relationships. THE DECLINING PROBABILITY OF WAR THESIS: HOW RELEVANT FOR THE ASIA–PACIFIC?

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The declining probability of war thesis: how relevant for the Asia-Pacific?

This article discusses the foreign policy of Australia's new government, in particular the extent to which its policies, as is widely suggested, represent a sharp break with the past.Australia long accepted the role of 'junior partner', first of Britain, then of the United States. The change of government in December 1972 coincides with changes in the international system which necessitate a basic reassessment. It is argued that in the fields of national security policy and regional cooperation these have been changes of emphasis rather than of fundamental priorities, whereas new themes have been in troduced on racial and colonial issues and in economic diplomacy. The changes are overdue and offer some prospect of a more relevant and constructive Australian role in the emerging international system.

James L. Richardson

Papers

Critical liberalism in international relations

Ethical Issues in North-South Relations

The declining probability of war thesis: how relevant for the Asia-Pacific?

Australian Foreign Policy under the Labor Government

Crisis Management: A Critical Appraisal