Deep convolutional neural networks have performed remarkably well on many Computer Vision tasks. However, these networks are heavily reliant on big data to avoid overfitting. Overfitting refers to the phenomenon when a network learns a function with very high variance such as to perfectly model the training data. Unfortunately, many application domains do not have access to big data, such as medical image analysis. This survey focuses on Data Augmentation, a data-space solution to the problem of limited data. Data Augmentation encompasses a suite of techniques that enhance the size and quality of training datasets such that better Deep Learning models can be built using them. The image augmentation algorithms discussed in this survey include geometric transformations, color space augmentations, kernel filters, mixing images, random erasing, feature space augmentation, adversarial training, generative adversarial networks, neural style transfer, and meta-learning. The application of augmentation methods based on GANs are heavily covered in this survey. In addition to augmentation techniques, this paper will briefly discuss other characteristics of Data Augmentation such as test-time augmentation, resolution impact, final dataset size, and curriculum learning. This survey will present existing methods for Data Augmentation, promising developments, and meta-level decisions for implementing Data Augmentation. Readers will understand how Data Augmentation can improve the performance of their models and expand limited datasets to take advantage of the capabilities of big data.

/pdf/a-survey-on-image-data-augmentation-for-deep-learning-4ru1bj2hbb.pdf

A survey on Image Data Augmentation for Deep Learning

CA : A Cancer Journal for Clinicians

Summary Background Since December, 2019, Wuhan, China, has experienced an outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of patients with COVID-19 have been reported but risk factors for mortality and a detailed clinical course of illness, including viral shedding, have not been well described. Methods In this retrospective, multicentre cohort study, we included all adult inpatients (≥18 years old) with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 from Jinyintan Hospital and Wuhan Pulmonary Hospital (Wuhan, China) who had been discharged or had died by Jan 31, 2020. Demographic, clinical, treatment, and laboratory data, including serial samples for viral RNA detection, were extracted from electronic medical records and compared between survivors and non-survivors. We used univariable and multivariable logistic regression methods to explore the risk factors associated with in-hospital death. Findings 191 patients (135 from Jinyintan Hospital and 56 from Wuhan Pulmonary Hospital) were included in this study, of whom 137 were discharged and 54 died in hospital. 91 (48%) patients had a comorbidity, with hypertension being the most common (58 [30%] patients), followed by diabetes (36 [19%] patients) and coronary heart disease (15 [8%] patients). Multivariable regression showed increasing odds of in-hospital death associated with older age (odds ratio 1·10, 95% CI 1·03–1·17, per year increase; p=0·0043), higher Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score (5·65, 2·61–12·23; p Interpretation The potential risk factors of older age, high SOFA score, and d-dimer greater than 1 μg/mL could help clinicians to identify patients with poor prognosis at an early stage. Prolonged viral shedding provides the rationale for a strategy of isolation of infected patients and optimal antiviral interventions in the future. Funding Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences; National Science Grant for Distinguished Young Scholars; National Key Research and Development Program of China; The Beijing Science and Technology Project; and Major Projects of National Science and Technology on New Drug Creation and Development.

Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study

Pedagosko i psiholosko testiranje i procjenjivanje spadaju među najvažnije doprinose znanosti o ponasanju nasem drustvu i pružaju temeljna i znacajna poboljsanja u odnosu na ranije postupke. Iako se ne može ustvrditi da su svi testovi dovoljno usavrseni niti da su sva testiranja razborita i korisna, postoji velika kolicina informacija koje ukazuju na ucinkovitost kvalitetnih instrumenata u onim situacijama u kojima je njihovo koristenje potkrijepljeno validacijskim podacima. Pravilna upotreba testova može dovesti do boljih odluka o pojedincima i programima nego sto bi to bio slucaj bez njihovog koristenja, a također i ukazati na put za siri i pravedniji pristup obrazovanju i zaposljavanju. Međutim, losa upotreba testova može dovesti do zamjetne stete nanesene ispitanicima i drugim sudionicima u procesu donosenja odluka na temelju testovnih podataka. Cilj Standarda je promoviranje kvalitetne i eticne upotrebe testova te uspostavljanje osnovice za ocjenu kvalitete postupaka testiranja. Svrha objavljivanja Standarda je uspostavljanje kriterija za evaluaciju testova, provedbe testiranja i posljedica upotrebe testova. Iako bi evaluacija prikladnosti testa ili njegove primjene trebala ovisiti prvenstveno o strucnim misljenjima, Standardi pružaju okvir koji osigurava obuhvacanje svih relevantnih pitanja. Bilo bi poželjno da svi autori, sponzori, nakladnici i korisnici profesionalnih testova usvoje Standarde te da poticu druge da ih također prihvate.

Standards for educational and psychological testing

https://www.commed.vcu.edu/Chronic_Disease/2012/cochranrvwrschbias.pdf

The Cochrane Collaboration's tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials

The number and appearance of chromosomes may differ between twins of a monozygotic pair, a phenomenon known as heterokaryotypic monozygotic twinning. Although monozygotic twins originate from a single conception, the loss or gain of (part of) a chromosome in the cell divisions shortly after fertilization may result in different karyotypes.

Heterokaryotypic monozygotic twins

La hernia congenita diafragmatica (HDC) lleva al ascenso de visceras al torax, compitiendo por espacio con los pulmones en desarrollo. Al nacimiento, la hipoplasia pulmonar se asocia a insuficiencia respiratoria e hipertensionpulmonar persistente que es letal en 30% pacientes. Cuando la HDC no se asocia a otras anomalias estructurales, la sobrevida puede ser pronosticada con medidas antenatales del tamano del pulmon y de la herniacion del higado.Microarrays cromosomicos y secuenciado exomico han contribuido a entender los factores geneticos asociados a HCD aislada. Para estimular el desarrollo pulmonar se realiza una intervencion prenatal percutanea ocluyendo la traquea fetal mediante fetoscopia (FETO) bajo anestesia local, estando en curso un estudio multicentrico sobre esta intervencion en hipoplasia pulmonar severa y moderada (www.totaltrial.eu). Pese a la disponibilidad de esta intervencion, la busqueda de intervenciones prenatales menos invasivas y mas potentes debe continuar.

https://contactocientifico.alemana.cl/ojs/index.php/cc/article/download/275/264

Manejo prenatal de fetos con hernia diafragmática congénita aislada

Women with preeclampsia and SGA newborns had lower CO (5.7±1.5 vs. 6.5±1.3; P=0.02) and lower SV (64.8±24.4 vs. 75.2±17.8; P= 0.04). Early-onset preeclampsia and late-onset preeclampsia were associated with higher SVR compared with the control group (1559.5±528.3 vs. 1488.5±292.9 vs. 1105.3±293.1, respectively; P<0.001). Those with early-onset preeclampsia had lower CO (5.5±1.2, P=0.02). At admission, 35 women had mild preeclampsia and 3 were identified with severe disease. Of those with mild preeclampsia, 11 developed a severe form of the disease. Women with mild preeclampsia who progressed to severe disease had lower CO and higher SVR and pulsatility index of uterine arteries. In conclusion, the hemodynamic parameters differed between women who developed preeclampsia versus normotensive parturients. This finding suggests that cardiac dysfunction plays a role in the pathophysiology of preeclampsia, regardless of its onset, and may help predict the progression from mild to severe disease. Larger prospective studies should be conducted to confirm these findings.

Maternal Surgery During Pregnancy Has a Transient Adverse Effect on the Developing Fetal Rabbit Brain

Thorax, diafragma en nek

BackgroundSelective fetal growth restriction in monochorionic twin pregnancies is associated with an increased risk of perinatal mortality and morbidity and represents a clinical dilemma. Interventions include expectant management with early preterm delivery if there are signs of fetal compromise, selective termination of the compromised twin, fetoscopic laser coagulation of the communicating placental vessels or termination of the whole pregnancy. Previous studies evaluating interventions have reported many different outcomes and outcome measures. Such variation makes comparing, contrasting, and combining results challenging, limiting ongoing research on this uncommon condition to inform clinical practice. We aim to produce, disseminate, and implement a core outcome set for selective fetal growth restriction research in monochorionic twin pregnancies.MethodsAn international steering group, including professionals, researchers, and lay experts, has been established to oversee the development of this core outcome set. The methods have been guided by the Core Outcome Measures in Effectiveness Trials Initiative Handbook.Potential core outcomes will be developed by undertaking a systematic review of studies evaluating interventions for selective fetal growth restriction in monochorionic twin pregnancies. Potential core outcomes will be entered into a three-round Delphi survey and key stakeholders including clinical professionals, researchers, and lay experts will be invited to participate. Repeated reflection and rescoring of individual outcomes should encourage group and individual stakeholder convergence towards consensus outcomes which will be entered into a modified Nominal Group Technique to finalize the core outcome set. Once core outcomes have been agreed, we will establish standardized definitions and recommend high-quality measurement instruments for each outcome.DiscussionThe development, dissemination, and implementation of a core outcome set for selective fetal growth restriction should ensure that future research protocols select, collect, and report outcomes and outcome measures in a standardized manner. Data synthesis will be possible on a broad level and rigorous implementation should advance the quality of research studies and their effective use in order to guide clinical practice, improve patient care, maternal, short-term perinatal outcomes, and long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes.Trial registrationCore Outcome Measures in Effectiveness Trials (COMET) registration number: 998.International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) registration number: CRD42018092697. 18th April 2018.

Jan Deprest

Papers

Heterokaryotypic monozygotic twins

Manejo prenatal de fetos con hernia diafragmática congénita aislada

Maternal Surgery During Pregnancy Has a Transient Adverse Effect on the Developing Fetal Rabbit Brain

Thorax, diafragma en nek

Developing, Disseminating, and Implementing a Core Outcome Set for Selective Fetal Growth Restriction in Monochorionic Twin Pregnancies