Advances in determination of polymer structure and in preservation of structure for electron microscopy provide the best view to date of how polysaccharides and structural proteins are organized into plant cell walls. The walls that form and partition dividing cells are modified chemically and structurally from the walls expanding to provide a cell with its functional form. In grasses, the chemical structure of the wall differs from that of all other flowering plant species that have been examined. Nevertheless, both types of wall must conform to the same physical laws. Cell expansion occurs via strictly regulated reorientation of each of the wall's components that first permits the wall to stretch in specific directions and then lock into final shape. This review integrates information on the chemical structure of individual polymers with data obtained from new techniques used to probe the arrangement of the polymers within the walls of individual cells. We provide structural models of two distinct types of walls in flowering plants consistent with the physical properties of the wall and its components.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1365-313X.1993.tb00007.x

Structural models of primary cell walls in flowering plants: consistency of molecular structure with the physical properties of the walls during growth

Статья посвящена вопросам влияния власти на поведение человека. Авторы рассматривают данные различных источников, в которых увеличение власти связывается с напористостью, а ее уменьшение - с подавленностью. Конкретно, власть ассоциируется с: а) позитивным аффектом; б) вниманием к вознаграждению и к свойствам других, удовлетворяющим личные цели; в) автоматической переработкой информации и резкими суждениями; г) расторможенным социальным поведением. Уменьшение власти, напротив, ассоциируется с: а) негативным аффектом; б) вниманием к угрозам и наказаниям, к интересам других и к тем характеристикам я, которые отвечают целям других; в) контролируемой переработкой информации и совещательным типом рассуждений; г) подавленным социальным поведением. Обсуждаются также последствия этих паттернов поведения, связанных с властью, и потенциальные модераторы.

Power, approach, and inhibition. Власть, напористость и подавленность

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The concept of mind

Human beings are described by many spiritual traditions as ‘blind’ or ‘asleep’ or ‘in a dream.’ These terms refers to the limited attenuated state of consciousness of most human beings caught up in patterns of conditioned thought, feeling and perception, which prevent the development of our latent, higher spiritual possibilities. In the words of Idries Shah: “Man, like a sleepwalker who suddenly ‘comes to’ on some lonely road has in general no correct idea as to his origins or his destiny.” In some religious traditions, such as Christianity and Islam, the myth of the ‘Fall from the Garden of Eden’ symbolizes the loss of the primordial state through the veiling of higher consciousness. Other traditions use similar metaphors to describe the spiritual condition of humanity:

The Human Condition.

This article attempts to bring together basic and complex information which has been gathered on cellulose structure, principally that of native cellulose, over the last few decades. Even though advances have been made in the field of crystallography, powder crystallography cannot yield a definitive cellulose structure and single crystal diffraction is not possible due to the lack of suitable crystals. Knowledge obtained on the biosynthesis of native cellulose and on the polymorphy of cellulose and its derivatives help our understanding of ultrastructure. Many inconsistencies between early crystallographic studies of native cellulose have been clarified by the discovery that two polymorphs (α and β) of cellulose I exist. Models of the possible ultrastructural arrangements within native cellulose have been put forward over the decades; with advancement in technology, computer simulations of small and large systems are being created to test the viability of these ultrastructural models. It is hoped that this review will aid in the understanding of the complexity and uncertainties that still exist in this subject

Cellulose: the structure slowly unravels

Wetlands are the largest natural source of atmospheric methane,
the second most important greenhouse gas. Methane flux to the
atmosphere depends strongly on the climate; however, by far the
largest part of the methane formed in wetland ecosystems
is recycled and does not reach the atmosphere. The biogeochemical
controls on the efficient oxidation of methane are still
poorly understood. Here we show that submerged Sphagnum
mosses, the dominant plants in some of these habitats, consume
methane through symbiosis with partly endophytic methanotrophic
bacteria, leading to highly effective in situ methane
recycling. Molecular probes revealed the presence of the bacteria
in the hyaline cells of the plant and on stem leaves. Incubationwith
13C-methane showed rapid in situ oxidation by these bacteria to
carbon dioxide, which was subsequently fixed by Sphagnum, as
shown by incorporation of 13C-methane into plant sterols. In this
way, methane acts as a significant (10–15%) carbon source for
Sphagnum. The symbiosis explains both the efficient recycling of
methane and the high organic carbon burial in these wetland
ecosystems.

/pdf/methanotrophic-symbionts-provide-carbon-for-photosynthesis-4gqe06mhl4.pdf

Methanotrophic symbionts provide carbon for photosynthesis in peat bogs

Plant cells are enclosed by a rigid cell wall that counteracts the internal osmotic pressure of the vacuole and limits the rate and direction of cell enlargement. When developmental or physiological cues induce cell extension, plant cells increase wall plasticity by a process called loosening. It was demonstrated previously that a class of proteins known as expansins are mediators of wall loosening. Here, we report a type of cell wall–loosening protein that does not share any homology with expansins but is a member of the lipid transfer proteins (LTPs). LTPs are known to bind a large range of lipid molecules to their hydrophobic cavity, and we show here that this cavity is essential for the cell wall–loosening activity of LTP. Furthermore, we show that LTP-enhanced wall extension can be described by a logarithmic time function. We hypothesize that LTP associates with hydrophobic wall compounds, causing nonhydrolytic disruption of the cell wall and subsequently facilitating wall extension.

Lipid transfer proteins enhance cell wall extension in tobacco

Does a self-report measure for emotional intelligence assess something different than general intelligence?

Most textbooks describe pollen and pollen tubes as the vectors carrying the male sperm cells in seed plants. The pollen tubes grow through the style to the ovule, where the sperm cells are delivered to the egg cells in the embryo sacs. Pollen tubes always grow in an alien environment: in evolutionary terms they derive from the haustorium through which the primitive microgametophyte fed on the sporophyte. Haustorial forms are still found in the case of ramified pollen tubes of gymnosperms that survive and feed for a long period in the female cone. Pollen tubes have a specific form of intrusive growth, or tip growth. Other cells with tip growth include root hairs, bipolar extending tracheids and fibre cells, and also many organisms such as a number of algae, moss and fern protonemal cells and most fungal hyphae. Diverse as they are, these cell types basically share the same cytoplasmic constituents and thus may show many similarities in behaviour to each other. However, the large evolutionary distance between the fungi (including Oomyceta) and the Phaeophyta may have allowed different modes of tip growth to develop.

/pdf/regulation-of-pollen-tube-growth-47phtgidfo.pdf

Regulation of Pollen Tube Growth

This study investigates the relationship between the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2-Restructured Form (MMPI-2-RF) and the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) in a combined data set (N = 491) of patients with a broad range of psychiatric disorders (n = 286) as well as alcohol use disorder (n = 205). We examined bivariate correlations between both measures. The MMPI-2-RF scales relate to the TCI dimensions as was hypothesized, and relationships between both measurements were largely similar for psychiatric patients and alcohol-dependent patients. Theoretical and clinical implications are considered.

Jan Derksen

Papers

Methanotrophic symbionts provide carbon for photosynthesis in peat bogs

Lipid transfer proteins enhance cell wall extension in tobacco

Does a self-report measure for emotional intelligence assess something different than general intelligence?

Regulation of Pollen Tube Growth

Personality and psychopathology: Mapping the MMPI-2-RF on Cloninger's Psychobiological Model of Personality