Spinels with the formula of AB2O4 (where A and B are metal ions) and the properties of magnetism, optics, electricity, and catalysis have taken significant roles in applications of data storage, biotechnology, electronics, laser, sensor, conversion reaction, and energy storage/conversion, which largely depend on their precise structures and compositions. In this review, various spinels with controlled preparations and their applications in oxygen reduction/evolution reaction (ORR/OER) and beyond are summarized. First, the composition and structure of spinels are introduced. Then, recent advances in the preparation of spinels with solid-, solution-, and vapor-phase methods are summarized, and new methods are particularly highlighted. The physicochemical characteristics of spinels such as their compositions, structures, morphologies, defects, and substrates have been rationally regulated through various approaches. This regulation can yield spinels with improved ORR/OER catalytic activities, which can furth...

Spinels: Controlled Preparation, Oxygen Reduction/Evolution Reaction Application, and Beyond

http://www.celsius.co.kr/phase_change_materials/download/energy/Phase_Change_Materials_for_Smart_Textiles.pdf

Phase change materials for smart textiles – An overview

Violent respiratory events such as coughs and sneezes play a key role in transferring respiratory diseases between infectious and susceptible individuals. We present the results of a combined experimental and theoretical investigation of the fluid dynamics of such violent expiratory events. Direct observation of sneezing and coughing events reveals that such flows are multiphase turbulent buoyant clouds with suspended droplets of various sizes. Our observations guide the development of an accompanying theoretical model of pathogen-bearing droplets interacting with a turbulent buoyant momentum puff. We develop in turn discrete and continuous models of droplet fallout from the cloud in order to predict the range of pathogens. According to the discrete fallout model droplets remain suspended in the cloud until their settling speed matches that of the decelerating cloud. A continuous fallout model is developed by adapting models of sedimentation from turbulent fluids. The predictions of our theoretical models are tested against data gathered from a series of analogue experiments in which a particle-laden cloud is ejected into a relatively dense ambient. Our study highlights the importance of the multiphase nature of respiratory clouds, specifically the suspension of the smallest drops by circulation within the cloud, in extending the range of respiratory pathogens.

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Violent expiratory events: on coughing and sneezing

A review of human thermal comfort in the built environment

L E Reichl 1980 Austin: University of Texas Press xii + 709 pp price $29.95 I can thoroughly recommend this book and congratulate the author for having brought together so many aspects of statistical physics in a comprehensible manner. The subject matter is modern; all the recent developments such as stochastic theory, theories of quantum fluids and critical phenomena, nonlinear chemical physics and hydrodynamics are included and yet each topic is built up from its foundations.

A Modern Course in Statistical Physics

UNLABELLED The response of 60 human subjects to a personalized ventilation system (PVS), providing control of positioning of the air terminal device and the airflow rate, was compared with the response to mixing ventilation (MV). Perceived air quality, thermal comfort, intensity of Sick Building Syndrome symptoms and performance of subjects were studied during 3 h 45 min exposures. In case of MV alone the room air temperature was 23 degrees C and 26 degrees C. The PVS supplied outdoor air at 23 degrees C or 20 degrees C or recirculated room air at 23 degrees C when the room temperature was 23 degrees C, and outdoor air at 20 degrees C when the room temperature was 26 degrees C. The PVS providing outdoor air improved perceived air quality and decreased SBS symptoms compared to MV alone and when the room air was re-circulated through the PVS. The percentage dissatisfied with air quality, 3 min after initial occupancy, decreased from 22% with MV to 7% with PVS; and from 49% to 20%, at room temperatures 23 degrees C and 26 degrees C, respectively. Over time, these differences in percentage dissatisfied decreased markedly. Headache and decreased ability to think clearly were reported as least intense when the PVS supplied outdoor air at 20 degrees C, while the most intense symptoms occurred with MV. PVS increased self-estimated performance. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS Personalized ventilation can improve occupants' thermal comfort, perceived air quality and decrease the intensity of SBS symptoms compared to mixing ventilation. Occupants will use the provided individual control of airflow rate and positioning of the air terminal device to obtain preferred microenvironment in rooms where the air temperature is within the range recommended by indoor climate standards. Development of more efficient air terminal devices is recommended.

Human response to personalized ventilation and mixing ventilation

Designing a molecule with desired properties is one of the biggest challenges in drug development, as it requires optimization of chemical compound structures with respect to many complex properties. To improve the compound design process, we introduce Mol-CycleGAN—a CycleGAN-based model that generates optimized compounds with high structural similarity to the original ones. Namely, given a molecule our model generates a structurally similar one with an optimized value of the considered property. We evaluate the performance of the model on selected optimization objectives related to structural properties (presence of halogen groups, number of aromatic rings) and to a physicochemical property (penalized logP). In the task of optimization of penalized logP of drug-like molecules our model significantly outperforms previous results.

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Mol-CycleGAN: a generative model for molecular optimization

UNLABELLED The analyses performed in this paper reveal that a breathing thermal manikin with realistic simulation of respiration including breathing cycle, pulmonary ventilation rate, frequency and breathing mode, gas concentration, humidity and temperature of exhaled air and human body shape and surface temperature is sensitive enough to perform reliable measurement of characteristics of air as inhaled by occupants. The temperature, humidity, and pollution concentration in the inhaled air can be measured accurately with a thermal manikin without breathing simulation if they are measured at the upper lip at a distance of <0.01 m from the face. Body surface temperature, shape and posture as well as clothing insulation have impact on the measured inhaled air parameters. Proper simulation of breathing, especially of exhalation, is needed for studying the transport of exhaled air between occupants. A method for predicting air acceptability based on inhaled air parameters and known exposure-response relationships established in experiments with human subjects is suggested. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS Recommendations for optimal simulation of human breathing by means of a breathing thermal manikin when studying pollution concentration, temperature and humidity of the inhaled air as well as the transport of exhaled air (which may carry infectious agents) between occupants are outlined. In order to compare results obtained with breathing thermal manikins, their nose and mouth geometry should be standardized.

Measurement and prediction of indoor air quality using a breathing thermal manikin

Air movement and perceived air quality

Human response to five different air terminal devices (ATDs) for a personalized ventilation system (PVS) was studied in an experimental office under well-defined conditions. A group of 30 human subjects assessed air quality and rated their thermal comfort and perception of draft. Two temperature levels, 23°C and 26°C, and two background levels of air quality in the office, high and low, were studied during the experiments. Under all conditions the personalized ventilation system provided outdoor air at a temperature of 20°C. All PVSs allowed for individual control of the airflow rate as well as for adjustments of the supply air direction. Results showed that all ATDs studied significantly improved perceived air quality at the workstation. The greatest improvement was obtained when the pollution level and the temperature in the office were high. The thermal environment created with all systems was assessed as acceptable. Subjects were able to improve thermal comfort with all ATDs studied. The subjects iden...

Jan Kaczmarczyk

Papers

Human response to personalized ventilation and mixing ventilation

Mol-CycleGAN: a generative model for molecular optimization

Measurement and prediction of indoor air quality using a breathing thermal manikin

Air movement and perceived air quality

Human Response to Five Designs of Personalized Ventilation