L'A. passe en revue les techniques de visualisation utilisees pour representer de facon cartographique la structure de domaine des disciplines scientifiques, et pour soutenir la recherche d'information et la classification. Un bref historique montre que la visualisation des domaines de connaissances s'enracine dans des disciplines telles que la scientometrie, la bibliometrie et l'analyse de citations, ainsi que la visualisation scientifique. L'A. analyse les principales etapes du processus de visualisation des domaines de connaissances : unites d'analyse, mesures, similarites entre unites. Differentes techniques couramment utilisees pour l'analyse et la visualisation des connaissances sont passees en revue : techniques de reduction de la dimensionnalite, analyse par clusters, configuration spatiale, visualisation et conception d'interaction. Differentes approches sont appliquees pour engendrer et comparer diverses representations cartographiques de la recherche sur la visualisation des domaines de connaissances. Ces cartes mettent en valeur les relations entre l'analyse de citations, la bibliometrie, la semantique et la visualisation de l'information. Augmenter l'accessibilite de la visualisation des domaines aupres des non-experts, appliquer la visualisation des domaines de connaissances pour mieux repondre a des questions pragmatiques, favoriser la collaboration et la diffusion des resultats entre chercheurs, developper des algorithmes plus robustes, comptent parmi les directions de recherche les plus prometteuses.

https://cns.iu.edu/docs/publications/2003-borner-arist.pdf

Visualizing knowledge domains

The Turn: Integration of Information Seeking and Retrieval in Context (The Information Retrieval Series)

In information systems, most research on knowledge management assumes that knowledge has positive implications for organizations. However, knowledge is a double-edged sword: while too little might result in expensive mistakes, too much might result in unwanted accountability. The purpose of this paper is to highlight the lack of attention paid to the unintended consequences of managing organizational knowledge and thereby to broaden the scope of IS-based knowledge management research. To this end, this paper analyzes the IS literature on knowledge management. Using a framework developed by Deetz (1996), research articles published between 1990 and 2000 in six IS journals are classified into one of four scientific discourses. These discourses are the normative, the interpretive, the critical, and the dialogic. For each of these discourses, we identify the research focus, the metaphors of knowledge, the theoretical foundations, and the implications apparent in the articles representing it. The metaphors of knowledge that emerge from this analysis are knowledge as object, asset, mind, commodity, and discipline. Furthermore, we present a paper that is exemplary of each discourse. Our objective with this analysis is to raise IS researchers' awareness of the potential and the implications of the different discourses in the study of knowledge and knowledge management.

Studying knowledge management in information systems research: discourses and theoretical assumptions

Handbook of Quantitative Science and Technology Research

Informetrics at the beginning of the 21st century—A review

Author searching is traditionally based on the matching of name strings Special characteristics of authors as personal names and subject indicators are not considered This makes it difficult to identify a set of related authors or to group authors by subjects in retrieval systems In this paper, we describe the design and implementation of a prototype visualization system to enhance author searching The system, called AuthorLink, is based on author co-citation analysis and visualization mapping algorithms such as Kohonen's feature maps and Pathfinder networks AuthorLink produces interactive author maps in real time from a database of 126 million records supplied by the Institute for Scientific Information The maps show subject groupings and more fine-grained intellectual connections among authors Through the interactive interface the user can take advantage of such information to refine queries and retrieve documents through point-and-click manipulation of the authors' names

Real-time author co-citation mapping for online searching

Although data warehouses are viewed as organized, summarized repositories of time-oriented data conceptually, the physical implementation determines the speed, efficiency, scalability, and extensibility of this view. Two major physical implementations exist today: data warehouses built upon relational database management systems (ROLAP) and warehouses built upon proprietary multi-dimensional databases (MOLAP). Both ROLAP and MOLAP have their own advantages and disadvantages due to their physical implementation. This paper presents another physical implementation using an object-oriented database or persistent objects— Object Oriented On-line Analytic Processing (O3LAP)— as a possible alternative, compares the O3LAP model with the current models, suggests possible extensions to the current OLAP models, defines the elements involved in the mapping of a logical model to the physical one, illustrates queries based on the O3LAP model, and discusses areas for future research.

http://www.cis.drexel.edu/faculty/song/dolap/dolap98/paper/dolap98_buzy.pdf

A framework for object-oriented on-line analytic processing

We examine the relationship between term co-occurrence analysis and a user interface for digital libraries. We describe a current working implementation of a dynamic visual information retrieval system based on co-cited author maps that assists in browsing and retrieving records from a large-scale database, ten years of the Arts & Humanities Citation Index, in real time. Any figure in the arts or humanities, including scholars and critics, can be mapped, and the maps are live interfaces for retrieving co-citing documents.

Term Co-occurrence Analysis as an Interface for Digital Libraries

We apply a version of our web-based literature-mapping system to PNAS for 1971-2002, as indexed by the National Library of Medicine and the Institute for Scientific Information. Given a single input term from a user, a medical subject heading, a cocited author, or a cocited journal, pnaslink rapidly displays views in which that term and the other 24 terms that most frequently co-occur with it in a bibliographic database are interrelated in ways suggesting fruitful combinations for document retrieval. The interrelationships are produced by two algorithms, pathfinder networks and Kohonen-style self-organizing maps. pnaslink displays are themselves interactive interfaces that can retrieve documents from digital libraries (e.g., PNAS Online). This style of visualizing knowledge domains is called “localized” because it does not attempt to map the indexing of literatures in full but concentrates on the top terms in an “associative thesaurus” reflecting user interests. It also permits swift remappings, as the user recognizes terms worth pursuing. pnaslink is illustrated with maps drawn from the literature of population genetics. Some comparative and evaluative comments are added, one from a domain expert indicating that the face validity of the system may be tempered by insufficient specificity in the indexing terms being mapped.

https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/101/suppl_1/5297.full.pdf

User-controlled mapping of significant literatures.

Using data from the Arts and Humanities Citation Index for 1988-1997, we are attempting to generate co-cited author maps in real time that can serve as interfaces for document retrieval. Our novel approach is to start the maps by entering the name of a single author. Our system obtains a rank-ordered list of the other authors who are most often co-cited with the input name (e.g., the top 50) and then systematically pairs these other authors in turn to obtain their co-citation counts. The resulting matrix can be passed to a mapping program which groups the authors meaningfully to show the structure of the field implied by the input author's name. At present we are experimenting with Pathfinder Networks (PFNETs) as the mapping program, and show a PFNET for 25 authors in hermeneutics, a major field of the humanities. The documents co-citing the mapped authors are candidates for retrieval. We discuss desirable features and design considerations in retrieval interfaces based on PFNETs.

Jan W. Buzydlowski

Papers

Real-time author co-citation mapping for online searching

A framework for object-oriented on-line analytic processing

Term Co-occurrence Analysis as an Interface for Digital Libraries

User-controlled mapping of significant literatures.

Co-cited author maps as interfaces to digital libraries: designing Pathfinder Networks in the humanities