Data Mining - Concepts and Techniques.

We present VOSviewer, a freely available computer program that we have developed for constructing and viewing bibliometric maps. Unlike most computer programs that are used for bibliometric mapping, VOSviewer pays special attention to the graphical representation of bibliometric maps. The functionality of VOSviewer is especially useful for displaying large bibliometric maps in an easy-to-interpret way. The paper consists of three parts. In the first part, an overview of VOSviewer’s functionality for displaying bibliometric maps is provided. In the second part, the technical implementation of specific parts of the program is discussed. Finally, in the third part, VOSviewer’s ability to handle large maps is demonstrated by using the program to construct and display a co-citation map of 5,000 major scientific journals.

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Software survey: VOSviewer, a computer program for bibliometric mapping.

We will review some of the major results in random graphs and some of the more challenging open problems. We will cover algorithmic and structural questions. We will touch on newer models, including those related to the WWW.

Random graphs

Contents Foreword Preface to the third edition Preface to the second edition Preface to the first edition Introduction Part 1 Foundations Chapter 1 The human 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Input-output channels Design Focus: Getting noticed Design Focus: Where's the middle? 1.3 Human memory Design Focus: Cashing in Design Focus: 7 +- 2 revisited 1.4 Thinking: reasoning and problem solving Design Focus: Human error and false memories 1.5 Emotion 1.6 Individual differences 1.7 Psychology and the design of interactive systems 1.8 Summary Exercises Recommended reading Chapter 2 The computer 2.1 Introduction Design Focus: Numeric keypads 2.2 Text entry devices 2.3 Positioning, pointing and drawing 2.4 Display devices Design Focus: Hermes: a situated display 2.5 Devices for virtual reality and 3D interaction 2.6 Physical controls, sensors and special devices Design Focus: Feeling the road Design Focus: Smart-Its - making sensors easy 2.7 Paper: printing and scanning Design Focus: Readability of text 2.8 Memory 2.9 Processing and networks Design Focus: The myth of the infinitely fast machine 2.10 Summary Exercises Recommended reading Chapter 3 The interaction 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Models of interaction Design Focus: Video recorder 3.3 Frameworks and HCI 3.4 Ergonomics Design Focus: Industrial interfaces 3.5 Interaction styles Design Focus: Navigation in 3D and 2D 3.6 Elements of the WIMP interface Design Focus: Learning toolbars 3.7 Interactivity 3.8 The context of the interaction Design Focus: Half the picture? 3.9 Experience, engagement and fun 3.10 Summary Exercises Recommended reading Chapter 4 Paradigms 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Paradigms for interaction 4.3 Summary Exercises Recommended reading Part 2 Design process Chapter 5 Interaction design basics 5.1 Introduction 5.2 What is design? 5.3 The process of design 5.4 User focus Design Focus: Cultural probes 5.5 Scenarios 5.6 Navigation design Design Focus: Beware the big button trap Design Focus: Modes 5.7 Screen design and layout Design Focus: Alignment and layout matter Design Focus: Checking screen colors 5.8 Iteration and prototyping 5.9 Summary Exercises Recommended reading Chapter 6 HCI in the software process 6.1 Introduction 6.2 The software life cycle 6.3 Usability engineering 6.4 Iterative design and prototyping Design Focus: Prototyping in practice 6.5 Design rationale 6.6 Summary Exercises Recommended reading Chapter 7 Design rules 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Principles to support usability 7.3 Standards 7.4 Guidelines 7.5 Golden rules and heuristics 7.6 HCI patterns 7.7 Summary Exercises Recommended reading Chapter 8 Implementation support 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Elements of windowing systems 8.3 Programming the application Design Focus: Going with the grain 8.4 Using toolkits Design Focus: Java and AWT 8.5 User interface management systems 8.6 Summary Exercises Recommended reading Chapter 9 Evaluation techniques 9.1 What is evaluation? 9.2 Goals of evaluation 9.3 Evaluation through expert analysis 9.4 Evaluation through user participation 9.5 Choosing an evaluation method 9.6 Summary Exercises Recommended reading Chapter 10 Universal design 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Universal design principles 10.3 Multi-modal interaction Design Focus: Designing websites for screen readers Design Focus: Choosing the right kind of speech Design Focus: Apple Newton 10.4 Designing for diversity Design Focus: Mathematics for the blind 10.5 Summary Exercises Recommended reading Chapter 11 User support 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Requirements of user support 11.3 Approaches to user support 11.4 Adaptive help systems Design Focus: It's good to talk - help from real people 11.5 Designing user support systems 11.6 Summary Exercises Recommended reading Part 3 Models and theories Chapter 12 Cognitive models 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Goal and task hierarchies Design Focus: GOMS saves money 12.3 Linguistic models 12.4 The challenge of display-based systems 12.5 Physical and device models 12.6 Cognitive architectures 12.7 Summary Exercises Recommended reading Chapter 13 Socio-organizational issues and stakeholder requirements 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Organizational issues Design Focus: Implementing workflow in Lotus Notes 13.3 Capturing requirements Design Focus: Tomorrow's hospital - using participatory design 13.4 Summary Exercises Recommended reading Chapter 14 Communication and collaboration models 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Face-to-face communication Design Focus: Looking real - Avatar Conference 14.3 Conversation 14.4 Text-based communication 14.5 Group working 14.6 Summary Exercises Recommended reading Chapter 15 Task analysis 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Differences between task analysis and other techniques 15.3 Task decomposition 15.4 Knowledge-based analysis 15.5 Entity-relationship-based techniques 15.6 Sources of information and data collection 15.7 Uses of task analysis 15.8 Summary Exercises Recommended reading Chapter 16 Dialog notations and design 16.1 What is dialog? 16.2 Dialog design notations 16.3 Diagrammatic notations Design Focus: Using STNs in prototyping Design Focus: Digital watch - documentation and analysis 16.4 Textual dialog notations 16.5 Dialog semantics 16.6 Dialog analysis and design 16.7 Summary Exercises Recommended reading Chapter 17 Models of the system 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Standard formalisms 17.3 Interaction models 17.4 Continuous behavior 17.5 Summary Exercises Recommended reading Chapter 18 Modeling rich interaction 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Status-event analysis 18.3 Rich contexts 18.4 Low intention and sensor-based interaction Design Focus: Designing a car courtesy light 18.5 Summary Exercises Recommended reading Part 4 Outside the box Chapter 19 Groupware 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Groupware systems 19.3 Computer-mediated communication Design Focus: SMS in action 19.4 Meeting and decision support systems 19.5 Shared applications and artifacts 19.6 Frameworks for groupware Design Focus: TOWER - workspace awareness Exercises Recommended reading Chapter 20 Ubiquitous computing and augmented realities 20.1 Introduction 20.2 Ubiquitous computing applications research Design Focus: Ambient Wood - augmenting the physical Design Focus: Classroom 2000/eClass - deploying and evaluating ubicomp 20.3 Virtual and augmented reality Design Focus: Shared experience Design Focus: Applications of augmented reality 20.4 Information and data visualization Design Focus: Getting the size right 20.5 Summary Exercises Recommended reading Chapter 21 Hypertext, multimedia and the world wide web 21.1 Introduction 21.2 Understanding hypertext 21.3 Finding things 21.4 Web technology and issues 21.5 Static web content 21.6 Dynamic web content 21.7 Summary Exercises Recommended reading References Index

Human-Computer Interaction

bibliometrix: An R-tool for comprehensive science mapping analysis

This article describes the latest development of a generic approach to detecting and visualizing emerging trends and transient patterns in scientific literature. The work makes substantial theoretical and methodological contributions to progressive knowledge domain visualization. A specialty is conceptualized and visualized as a time-variant duality between two fundamental concepts in information science: research fronts and intellectual bases. A research front is defined as an emergent and transient grouping of concepts and underlying research issues. The intellectual base of a research front is its citation and co-citation footprint in scientific literature—an evolving network of scientific publications cited by research-front concepts. Kleinberg's (2002) burst-detection algorithm is adapted to identify emergent research-front concepts. Freeman's (1979) betweenness centrality metric is used to highlight potential pivotal points of paradigm shift over time. Two complementary visualization views are designed and implemented: cluster views and time-zone views. The contributions of the approach are that (a) the nature of an intellectual base is algorithmically and temporally identified by emergent research-front terms, (b) the value of a co-citation cluster is explicitly interpreted in terms of research-front concepts, and (c) visually prominent and algorithmically detected pivotal points substantially reduce the complexity of a visualized network. The modeling and visualization process is implemented in CiteSpace II, a Java application, and applied to the analysis of two research fields: mass extinction (1981–2004) and terrorism (1990–2003). Prominent trends and pivotal points in visualized networks were verified in collaboration with domain experts, who are the authors of pivotal-point articles. Practical implications of the work are discussed. A number of challenges and opportunities for future studies are identified. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

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CiteSpace II: Detecting and visualizing emerging trends and transient patterns in scientific literature

This article introduces a previously undescribed method progressively visualizing the evolution of a knowledge domain's cocitation network. The method first derives a sequence of cocitation networks from a series of equal-length time interval slices. These time-registered networks are merged and visualized in a panoramic view in such a way that intellectually significant articles can be identified based on their visually salient features. The method is applied to a cocitation study of the superstring field in theoretical physics. The study focuses on the search of articles that triggered two superstring revolutions. Visually salient nodes in the panoramic view are identified, and the nature of their intellectual contributions is validated by leading scientists in the field. The analysis has demonstrated that a search for intellectual turning points can be narrowed down to visually salient nodes in the visualized network. The method provides a promising way to simplify otherwise cognitively demanding tasks to a search for landmarks, pivots, and hubs.

https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/101/suppl_1/5303.full.pdf

Searching for intellectual turning points: Progressive knowledge domain visualization

L'A. passe en revue les techniques de visualisation utilisees pour representer de facon cartographique la structure de domaine des disciplines scientifiques, et pour soutenir la recherche d'information et la classification. Un bref historique montre que la visualisation des domaines de connaissances s'enracine dans des disciplines telles que la scientometrie, la bibliometrie et l'analyse de citations, ainsi que la visualisation scientifique. L'A. analyse les principales etapes du processus de visualisation des domaines de connaissances : unites d'analyse, mesures, similarites entre unites. Differentes techniques couramment utilisees pour l'analyse et la visualisation des connaissances sont passees en revue : techniques de reduction de la dimensionnalite, analyse par clusters, configuration spatiale, visualisation et conception d'interaction. Differentes approches sont appliquees pour engendrer et comparer diverses representations cartographiques de la recherche sur la visualisation des domaines de connaissances. Ces cartes mettent en valeur les relations entre l'analyse de citations, la bibliometrie, la semantique et la visualisation de l'information. Augmenter l'accessibilite de la visualisation des domaines aupres des non-experts, appliquer la visualisation des domaines de connaissances pour mieux repondre a des questions pragmatiques, favoriser la collaboration et la diffusion des resultats entre chercheurs, developper des algorithmes plus robustes, comptent parmi les directions de recherche les plus prometteuses.

https://cns.iu.edu/docs/publications/2003-borner-arist.pdf

Visualizing knowledge domains

A multiple-perspective co-citation analysis method is introduced for characterizing and interpreting the structure and dynamics of co-citation clusters. The method facilitates analytic and sense making tasks by integrating network visualization, spectral clustering, automatic cluster labeling, and text summarization. Co-citation networks are decomposed into co-citation clusters. The interpretation of these clusters is augmented by automatic cluster labeling and summarization. The method focuses on the interrelations between a co-citation cluster's members and their citers. The generic method is applied to a three-part analysis of the field of Information Science as defined by 12 journals published between 1996 and 2008: 1) a comparative author co-citation analysis (ACA), 2) a progressive ACA of a time series of co-citation networks, and 3) a progressive document co-citation analysis (DCA). Results show that the multiple- perspective method increases the interpretability and accountability of both ACA and DCA networks.

https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00638091/document

The Structure and Dynamics of Co Citation Clusters: A Multiple Perspective Co-Citation Analysis.

Abstract Purpose We present a systematic review of the literature concerning major aspects of science mapping to serve two primary purposes: First, to demonstrate the use of a science mapping approach to perform the review so that researchers may apply the procedure to the review of a scientific domain of their own interest, and second, to identify major areas of research activities concerning science mapping, intellectual milestones in the development of key specialties, evolutionary stages of major specialties involved, and the dynamics of transitions from one specialty to another. Design/methodology/approach We first introduce a theoretical framework of the evolution of a scientific specialty. Then we demonstrate a generic search strategy that can be used to construct a representative dataset of bibliographic records of a domain of research. Next, progressively synthesized co-citation networks are constructed and visualized to aid visual analytic studies of the domain’s structural and dynamic patterns and trends. Finally, trajectories of citations made by particular types of authors and articles are presented to illustrate the predictive potential of the analytic approach. Findings The evolution of the science mapping research involves the development of a number of interrelated specialties. Four major specialties are discussed in detail in terms of four evolutionary stages: conceptualization, tool construction, application, and codification. Underlying connections between major specialties are also explored. The predictive analysis demonstrates citations trajectories of potentially transformative contributions. Research limitations The systematic review is primarily guided by citation patterns in the dataset retrieved from the literature. The scope of the data is limited by the source of the retrieval, i.e. the Web of Science, and the composite query used. An iterative query refinement is possible if one would like to improve the data quality, although the current approach serves our purpose adequately. More in-depth analyses of each specialty would be more revealing by incorporating additional methods such as citation context analysis and studies of other aspects of scholarly publications. Practical implications The underlying analytic process of science mapping serves many practical needs, notably bibliometric mapping, knowledge domain visualization, and visualization of scientific literature. In order to master such a complex process of science mapping, researchers often need to develop a diverse set of skills and knowledge that may span multiple disciplines. The approach demonstrated in this article provides a generic method for conducting a systematic review. Originality/value Incorporating the evolutionary stages of a specialty into the visual analytic study of a research domain is innovative. It provides a systematic methodology for researchers to achieve a good understanding of how scientific fields evolve, to recognize potentially insightful patterns from visually encoded signs, and to synthesize various information so as to capture the state of the art of the domain.

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Chaomei Chen

Papers

CiteSpace II: Detecting and visualizing emerging trends and transient patterns in scientific literature

Searching for intellectual turning points: Progressive knowledge domain visualization

Visualizing knowledge domains

The Structure and Dynamics of Co Citation Clusters: A Multiple Perspective Co-Citation Analysis.

Science Mapping: A Systematic Review of the Literature