2 1 The innovative transport systems and the CityMobil project 10 1.1 The research questions 10 2 The state of art in the field of automatic transport systems 12 2.1 Case studies and demand studies for innovative transport systems 12 3 The design and implementation of surveys 14 3.1 Definition of experimental design 14 3.2 Questionnaire design and delivery 16 3.3 First analyses on the collected sample 18 4 Calibration of Logit Multionomial demand models 21 4.1 Methodology 21 4.2 Calibration of the “full” model. 22 4.3 Calibration of the “final” model 24 4.4 The demand analysis through the final Multinomial Logit model 25 5 The analysis of interaction between the demand and socioeconomic attributes 31 5.1 Methodology 31 5.2 Application of Mixed Logit models to the demand 31 5.3 Analysis of the interactions between demand and socioeconomic attributes through Mixed Logit models 32 5.4 Mixed Logit model and interaction between age and the demand for the CTS 38 5.5 Demand analysis with Mixed Logit model 39 6 Final analyses and conclusions 45 6.1 Comparison between the results of the analyses 45 6.2 Conclusions 48 6.3 Answers to the research questions and future developments 52

The European commission

Magnetoencephalography (MEG) is a noninvasive technique for investigating neuronal activity in the living human brain. The time resolution of the method is better than 1 ms and the spatial discrimination is, under favorable circumstances, 2-3 mm for sources in the cerebral cortex. In MEG studies, the weak 10 fT-1 pT magnetic fields produced by electric currents flowing in neurons are measured with multichannel SQUID (superconducting quantum interference device) gradiometers. The sites in the cerebral cortex that are activated by a stimulus can be found from the detected magnetic-field distribution, provided that appropriate assumptions about the source render the solution of the inverse problem unique. Many interesting properties of the working human brain can be studied, including spontaneous activity and signal processing following external stimuli. For clinical purposes, determination of the locations of epileptic foci is of interest. The authors begin with a general introduction and a short discussion of the neural basis of MEG. The mathematical theory of the method is then explained in detail, followed by a thorough description of MEG instrumentation, data analysis, and practical construction of multi-SQUID devices. Finally, several MEG experiments performed in the authors' laboratory are described, covering studies of evoked responses and of spontaneous activity in both healthy and diseased brains. Many MEG studies by other groups are discussed briefly as well.

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Magnetoencephalography—theory, instrumentation, and applications to noninvasive studies of the working human brain

The authors have applied estimation theory to the problem of determining primary current distributions from measured neuromagnetic fields. In this procedure, essentially nothing is assumed about the source currents, except that they are spatially restricted to a certain region. Simulation experiments show that the results can describe the structure of the current flow fairly well. By increasing the number of measurements, the estimate can be made more localised. The current distributions may be also used as an interpolation and an extrapolation for the measured field patterns.

Interpreting magnetic fields of the brain: minimum norm estimates

This article examines the role of attention and automaticity in auditory processing as revealed by event-related potential (ERP) research. An ERP component called the mismatch negativity , generated by the brain's automatic response to changes in repetitive auditory input, reveals that physical features of auditory stimuli are fully processed whether or not they are attended. It also suggests that there exist precise neuronal representations of the physical features of recent auditory stimuli, perhaps the traces underlying acoustic sensory (“echoic”) memory. A mechanism of passive attention switching in response to changes in repetitive input is also implicated. Conscious perception of discrete acoustic stimuli might be mediated by some of the mechanisms underlying another ERP component (NI), one sensitive to stimulus onset and offset. Frequent passive attentional shifts might accountforthe effect cognitive psychologists describe as “the breakthrough of the unattended” (Broadbent 1982), that is, that even unattended stimuli may be semantically processed, without assuming automatic semantic processing or late selection in selective attention. The processing negativity supports the early-selection theory and may arise from a mechanism for selectively attending to stimuli defined by certain features. This stimulus selection occurs in the form ofa matching process in which each input is compared with the “attentional trace,” a voluntarily maintained representation of the task-relevant features of the stimulus to be attended. The attentional mechanism described might underlie the stimulus-set mode of attention proposed by Broadbent. Finally, a model of automatic and attentional processing in audition is proposed that is based mainly on the aforementioned ERP components and some other physiological measures.

The role of attention in auditory information processing as revealed by event-related potentials and other brain measures of cognitive function

A review of the evidence for P2 being an independent component process: age, sleep and modality.

Cortical sources of neuromagnetic responses to noise bursts were compared in 7 healthy humans. The earliest response, P40m, peaking about 40 ms after the stimulus onset, was followed by a prominent deflection in the opposite direction at about 100 ms (N100m) and by another peak at 200 ms (P200m). A sustained field, seen near the end of the 400- to 550-ms stimuli, ended with an off-response of the same polarity as N100m. All deflections could be explained by cortical activity within the Sylvian fissure. The source of P200m was anterior to other sources of the on-response, except P40m. When noise bursts, or pauses of equal duration in a continuous noise were presented to the subject, striking similarities were found between the 100-ms deflections of the on- and off-responses: both peaked at about the same latency; their estimated sources were close to each other in the supratemporal plane and their amplitudes depended in a similar way on the interstimulus interval (1.1-8.8 s). However, only the on-response ...

Neuromagnetic responses of the human auditory cortex to on- and offsets of noise bursts.

The design, construction, and performance of a new high‐sensitivity dc SQUID magnetometer, covering a circular area of 93‐mm diameter, is described. The device, now used routinely in our brain research, comprises seven asymmetric first‐order gradiometers, located on a spherical surface of 125‐mm radius and with the symmetry axis tilted 30° with respect to the vertical. The pickup coil diameter is 20 mm, and the channels are separated by 36.5 mm from each other in a hexagonal array. The overall field sensitivity of the system, measured inside our magnetically shielded room, is 5 fT/(Hz)1/2, mainly limited by the thermal noise in the radiation shields of the Dewar. The optimization of the coil configuration and the measurement system is discussed in detail, and a system to determine automatically the position and orientation of the Dewar with respect to certain fixed points on the subject’s head is described. Finally, some examples of measurements carried out with the new device are given.

Large-area low-noise seven-channel dc SQUID magnetometer for brain research

This paper describes the hardware of the 24-channel SQUID magnetometer being completed in the Low Temperature Laboratory. The overall system, including computer hardware and software, is discussed elsewhere (Hamalainen 1989). The instrument will be used in a magnetically shielded room for brain research. We hope that this apparatus will enable us to locate current sources underlying evoked magnetic fields without moving the dewar.

A 24-Channel Magnetometer for Brain Research

This paper describes an outdoor calibration of an instrument current transformer connected to 400 kV transmission line. The method of generation of the high current and the accuracy of calibration are discussed. The reference current measuring system consists of a current shunt, a Rogowski coil, two digitizing voltmeters and a computer to control voltmeters. The Rogowski coil is calibrated on-site with the current shunt. The output voltage of the Rogowski coil is not integrated, but it is scaled according to the on-site calibration result. Estimated uncertainties for ratio and phase displacement are less than 0,01% and 100 murad, respectively.

Jari Hällström

Papers

Neuromagnetic responses of the human auditory cortex to on- and offsets of noise bursts.

Large-area low-noise seven-channel dc SQUID magnetometer for brain research

A 24-Channel Magnetometer for Brain Research

On-site calibration of a current transformer using a Rogowski coil

Multichannel detection of magnetic compound action fields of median and ulnar nerves