Due to rapid industrialisation and use of advanced technologies there has been increase in the consumption of fossil fuels, especially petroleum. Increasing needs are reciprocally proportionate to diminishing reserves of coal and petroleum. So, the exaggerated to be fulfilled and to curb the problem of increasing fuel prices; researchers are putting their efforts to produce an alternative fuel from replenish able resources on large scale. Biodiesel itself is proving to be a reliable and competent competitor to non-renewable petroleum which is being produced from commonly accustomed plants for instancerapeseed, soybean, sunflower and palm etc. But, complication is that it becomes a problem for in-availability of these oils for foods. Now non-edible raw materials oils such as Pongamia, Jatropha, Mahua, Moringa seed oil etc. have been used to raise the standard of these oils and being produced to complete the level of petroleum and be proven as the best resources for biodiesel production in all approaches both technically and economically. In this paper emphasis has been laid down to review the impact of higher alcohols, use of different raw materials for biodiesel preparation and effect of their composition on Oxidation Stability and Cold Flow properties. Moreover, various production technologies used to produce biodiesel were also reviewed and comparison was done among them for better yield. Further, an attempt has been made to investigate the effect of higher alcohols on biodiesel yield and its properties. The study concludes that oxidation stability depends upon unsaturation mainly linoleic acid and lenolenic acid. Moringa olifera , Moroccan frying oil, Schleichera oleosa L. oil, Moringa peregeria are prospective oils as per oxidative stability characteristics. In contrast to it, cold flow properties depend upon saturation and suggests that having more saturated fatty acids result in poor cold flow properties.

Impact of alcohol on biodiesel production and properties

Microorganisms are known to be natural oil producers in their cellular compartments. Microorganisms that accumulate more than 20% w/w of lipids on a cell dry weight basis are considered as oleaginous microorganisms. These are capable of synthesizing vast majority of fatty acids from short hydrocarbonated chain (C6) to long hydrocarbonated chain (C36), which may be saturated (SFA), monounsaturated (MUFA), or polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), depending on the presence and number of double bonds in hydrocarbonated chains. Depending on the fatty acid profile, the oils obtained from oleaginous microorganisms are utilized as feedstock for either biodiesel production or as nutraceuticals. Mainly microalgae, bacteria, and yeasts are involved in the production of biodiesel, whereas thraustochytrids, fungi, and some of the microalgae are well known to be producers of very long-chain PUFA (omega-3 fatty acids). In this review article, the type of oleaginous microorganisms and their expertise in the field of biodiesel or omega-3 fatty acids, advances in metabolic engineering tools for enhanced lipid accumulation, upstream and downstream processing of lipids, including purification of biodiesel and concentration of omega-3 fatty acids are reviewed.

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An Overview of Potential Oleaginous Microorganisms and Their Role in Biodiesel and Omega-3 Fatty Acid-Based Industries.

To assess whether Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy could be used to evaluate and monitor lipid extraction processes, the extraction methods of Folch, Bligh and Lewis were used. Biomass of the oleaginous fungi Mucor circinelloides and Mortierella alpina were employed as lipid-rich material for the lipid extraction. The presence of lipids was determined by recording infrared spectra of all components in the lipid extraction procedure, such as the biomass before and after extraction, the water and extract phases. Infrared spectra revealed the incomplete extraction after all three extraction methods applied to M.circinelloides and it was shown that mechanical disruption using bead beating and HCl treatment were necessary to complete the extraction in this species. FTIR spectroscopy was used to identify components, such as polyphosphates, that may have negatively affected the extraction process and resulted in differences in extraction efficiency between M.circinelloides and M.alpina. Residual lipids could not be detected in the infrared spectra of M.alpina biomass after extraction using the Folch and Lewis methods, indicating their complete lipid extraction in this species. Bligh extraction underestimated the fatty acid content of both M.circinelloides and M.alpina biomass and an increase in the initial solvent-to-sample ratio (from 3:1 to 20:1) was needed to achieve complete extraction and a lipid-free IR spectrum. In accordance with previous studies, the gravimetric lipid yield was shown to overestimate the potential of the SCO producers and FAME quantification in GC-FID was found to be the best-suited method for lipid quantification. We conclude that FTIR spectroscopy can serve as a tool for evaluating the lipid extraction efficiency, in addition to identifying components that may affect lipid extraction processes.

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FTIR Spectroscopy for Evaluation and Monitoring of Lipid Extraction Efficiency for Oleaginous Fungi.

Cerium oxide nanoparticles influences on the binding and corrosion protection characteristics of a melamine-cured polyester resin on mild steel: An experimental, density functional theory and molecular dynamics simulation study

Microbial oil - A plausible alternate resource for food and fuel application.

Biosynthesis, characterization and enzymatic transesterification of single cell oil of Mucor circinelloides--a sustainable pathway for biofuel production.

Effect of the polyester chemical structure on the stability of polyester–melamine coatings when exposed to accelerated weathering

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Jayne C.S. Barbosa

Papers

Biosynthesis, characterization and enzymatic transesterification of single cell oil of Mucor circinelloides--a sustainable pathway for biofuel production.

Effect of the polyester chemical structure on the stability of polyester–melamine coatings when exposed to accelerated weathering

Síntese de ésteres de etila a partir da biotransformação do óleo de coco por diferentes lipases imobilizadas