Guidelines for Canadian Drinking Water Quality

This article provides an overview of the environmental patterns and dynamics of copper from the perspective of issues that affect our ability to examine current human exposures. It presents selected sum mary information on the levels of copper found in various media and exposure pathways from a variety of information sources, and discusses the breadth and the limitations of this information. The analysis presented focuses on the ability to provide quantitative values for both external metrics of exposures (microenvironmental levels) and internal biological markers of exposure. The status of the current information on environmental copper is placed within a conceptual framework that can be used to identify data gaps, assess the utility of current biological markers of exposure, and examine the need for systematic and consistent data-gathering studies to improve our ability to com plete exposure assessments. A primary concern is the exposure to copper through potable water supplies; this is considered withi...

Environmental copper: Its dynamics and human exposure issues

Exposure to manganese (Mn) causes clinical signs and symptoms resembling, but not identical to, Parkinson's disease. Since our last review on this subject in 2004, the past decade has been a thriving period in the history of Mn research. This report provides a comprehensive review on new knowledge gained in the Mn research field. Emerging data suggest that beyond traditionally recognized occupational manganism, Mn exposures and the ensuing toxicities occur in a variety of environmental settings, nutritional sources, contaminated foods, infant formulas, and water, soil, and air with natural or man-made contaminations. Upon fast absorption into the body via oral and inhalation exposures, Mn has a relatively short half-life in blood, yet fairly long half-lives in tissues. Recent data suggest Mn accumulates substantially in bone, with a half-life of about 8-9 years expected in human bones. Mn toxicity has been associated with dopaminergic dysfunction by recent neurochemical analyses and synchrotron X-ray fluorescent imaging studies. Evidence from humans indicates that individual factors such as age, gender, ethnicity, genetics, and pre-existing medical conditions can have profound impacts on Mn toxicities. In addition to body fluid-based biomarkers, new approaches in searching biomarkers of Mn exposure include Mn levels in toenails, non-invasive measurement of Mn in bone, and functional alteration assessments. Comments and recommendations are also provided with regard to the diagnosis of Mn intoxication and clinical intervention. Finally, several hot and promising research areas in the next decade are discussed.

https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs40572-015-0056-x.pdf

Manganese Toxicity Upon Overexposure: a Decade in Review

Biosorption and biotransformation of hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)]: A comprehensive review

Effects of chronic sublethal exposure to waterborne Cu, Cd or Zn in rainbow trout. 1: Iono-regulatory disturbance and metabolic costs.

Determination of arsenic(III), arsenic(V), antimony(III), antimony(V), selenium(IV) and selenium(VI) by extraction with ammonium pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate—methyl isobutyl ketone and electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry

A national survey was conducted to determine the levels of cadmium, zinc, magnesium, calcium, lead, chromium, and copper in Canadian drinking water supplies. Samples of raw, treated, and distributed water, obtained from 70 municipalities throughout Canada, were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrometry. Concentrations of trace metals found were essentially the same for all three types of water samples. Median and range values for distributed water/and values for water hardness are presented. Contamination of water supplies by these metals, with the exception of copper, was minimal during treatment and distribution. In all cases, the median values for the distributed water were well below the WHO upper limit recommendations. (20 references, 4 tables)

A national survey for cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, zinc, calcium, and magnesium in canadian drinking water supplies

Results of a national survey to ascertain the levels of cadmium, cobalt, chromium, copper, nickel, lead, zinc, calcium, and magnesium in Canadian drinking water supplies are presented. Raw, treated, and distributed water samples collected from 71 municipalities were analyzed by direct atomic absorption spectrophotometry and by an extraction procedure. Trace amounts of all metals, except copper and zinc, were minimal in treated and distributed water. Median values for drinking water supplies were well below the maximum permissible limits set by Health and Welfare Canada and WHO.

Survey for Cadmium, Cobalt, Chromium, Copper, Nickel, Lead, Zinc, Calcium, and Magnesium in Canadian Drinking Water Supplies

Graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry with nitric acid deproteinization for determination of manganese in human plasma.

A graphite platform-in-furnace atomic absorption spectrometric (GFAAS) method for determining μg/g levels of Pb in 10–20 mg cortical and trabecular primate bone samples is described. The GFAAS method is based on an ambient temperature nitric acid digestion of the sample, matrix modification with palladium nitrate, stabilized temperature platform furnace atomization, and a systematic evaluation of the temperature program of the atomizer. The method of standard additions is mandatory. The detection limit (3 standard deviations of the blank) is 0.19 μg Pb/g dry weight for a 10-mg sample taken up in a 1-mL volume. Data are presented on the degree of accuracy and precision. The accuracy of the proposed GFAAS method has been assessed using the IAEA bone reference material, H-5, and by comparing the values obtained in a bone sample with an isotope dilution mass spectrometric (IDMS) procedure. The GFAAS method can be applied to the determination of Pb in 10–20 mg bone samples and for concentrations which are ≥10 × detection limit. The method is simple, fast, and contamination-free since the entire operation from weighing to GFAAS measurement is carried out in the same centrifuge tube. The method has been applied to the determination of total-Pb in some adult and fetal primate cortical and trabecular bone specimens.

Jean C. Meranger

Papers

Determination of arsenic(III), arsenic(V), antimony(III), antimony(V), selenium(IV) and selenium(VI) by extraction with ammonium pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate—methyl isobutyl ketone and electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry

A national survey for cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, zinc, calcium, and magnesium in canadian drinking water supplies

Survey for Cadmium, Cobalt, Chromium, Copper, Nickel, Lead, Zinc, Calcium, and Magnesium in Canadian Drinking Water Supplies

Graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry with nitric acid deproteinization for determination of manganese in human plasma.

Bone-lead analysis: development of analytical methodology for milligram samples.