Staff members at Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) produced a summary of the structural health monitoring literature in 1995. This presentation will summarize the outcome of an updated review covering the years 1996 2001. The updated review follows the LANL statistical pattern recognition paradigm for SHM, which addresses four topics: 1. Operational Evaluation; 2. Data Acquisition and Cleansing; 3. Feature Extraction; and 4. Statistical Modeling for Feature Discrimination. The literature has been reviewed based on how a particular study addresses these four topics. A significant observation from this review is that although there are many more SHM studies being reported, the investigators, in general, have not yet fully embraced the well-developed tools from statistical pattern recognition. As such, the discrimination procedures employed are often lacking the appropriate rigor necessary for this technology to evolve beyond demonstration problems carried out in laboratory setting.

A review of structural health monitoring literature 1996-2001

A critical review of the intrinsic nature of vortex-induced vibrations

This article reviews the development of the original modal assurance criterion (MAC) together with other related assurance criteria that have been proposed over the last twenty years. Some of the other assurance criteria that will be discussed include the coordinate modal assurance criterion (COMAC), the frequency response assurance criterion (FRAC), coordinate orthogonality check (CORTHOG), frequency scaled modal assurance criterion (FMAC), partial modal assurance criterion (PMAC), scaled modal assurance criterion (SMAC), and modal assurance criterion using reciprocal modal vectors (MACRV). In particular, the thought process that relates the original MAC development to ordinary coherence and to orthogonality computations will be explained. Several uses of MAC that may not be obvious to the casual observer (modal parameter estimation consistency diagrams and model updating are two examples) will be identified. The common problems with the implementation and use of modal assurance criterion computations will also be identified. The development of the modal assurance criterion 1-2 over twenty years ago has led to a number of similar assurance criteria used in the area of experimental and analytical structural dynamics. It is important to recognize the mathematical similarity of these varied criteria in order to be certain that conclusions be correctly drawn from what is essentially a squared, linear regression correlation coefficient. The modal assurance criterion is a statistical indicator, just like ordinary coherence, which can be very powerful when used correctly but very misleading when used incorrectly. This article will first review the historical development of the modal assurance criterion. Other similar assurance criteria will then be identified although the list is not intended to be comprehensive. Typical uses of the modal assurance criterion will be discussed and finally, typical abuses will be identified.

The modal assurance criterion–twenty years of use and abuse

Past, present and future of nonlinear system identification in structural dynamics

Introduction. 1. Nonlinear theories of elasticity of plates and shells 2. Nonlinear theories of doubly curved shells for conventional and advanced materials 3. Introduction to nonlinear dynamics 4. Vibrations of rectangular plates 5. Vibrations of empty and fluid-filled circular cylindrical 6. Reduced order models: proper orthogonal decomposition and nonlinear normal modes 7. Comparison of different shell theories for nonlinear vibrations and stability of circular cylindrical shells 8. Effect of boundary conditions on a large-amplitude vibrations of circular cylindrical shells 9. Vibrations of circular cylindrical panels with different boundary conditions 10. Nonlinear vibrations and stability of doubly-curved shallow-shells: isotropic and laminated materials 11. Meshless discretization of plates and shells of complex shapes by using the R-functions 12. Vibrations of circular plates and rotating disks 13. Nonlinear stability of circular cylindrical shells under static and dynamic axial loads 14. Nonlinear stability and vibrations of circular shells conveying flow 15. Nonlinear supersonic flutter of circular cylindrical shells with imperfections.

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Nonlinear Vibrations and Stability of Shells and Plates

Summary. The objective of this paper is to demonstrate that the numerical computation of the nonlinear normal modes (NNMs) ofcomplex real-world structures is now within reach. The application considered in this study is the airframe of the Morane-SaulnierParis aircraft, whose ground vibration tests exhibited some nonlinear structural behaviors. The NNMs are computed using a numericalalgorithm combining shooting and pseudo-arclength continuation. Introduction Nonlinear normal modes (NNMs) offer a solid theoretical and mathematical tool for interpreting a wide class of nonlineardynamical phenomena, yet they have a clear and simple conceptual relation to the LNMs [1, 2, 3]. However, moststructural engineers still view NNMs as a concept that is foreign to them, and they do not yet consider NNMs as a usefulconcept for structural dynamics. One reason supporting this statement is that most existing constructive techniques forcomputing NNMs are based on asymptotic approaches and rely on fairly involved mathematical developments.In this paper, we support that numerical algorithms pave the way for an effective and practical computation of NNMs.The proposed algorithm, implemented in MATLAB, relies on two main techniques, namely a shooting procedure anda method for the continuation of NNM motions. We show that the numerical computation of the NNMs of complexreal-world structures, such as the ﬁnite element model of the full-scale aircraft studied herein, is then within reach.

Computation of nonlinear normal modes of large structures: application to a full-scale aircraft

This paper uses a recently derived reduction procedure to study the contact interactions of an industrial blade undergoing large displacements. The reduction technique consists in projecting the dynamical problem onto a reduction basis composed of Craig-Bampton modes and a selection of their modal derivatives. The internal nonlinear forces due to large displacements are evaluated with the stiffness evaluation procedure and contact is numerically handled using Lagrange multipliers. The numerical strategy is applied on an open industrial compressor blade model based on the NASA rotor 37 blade in order to promote reproducibility of results. Two contact scenarios are investigated: one with direct contact between the blade and the casing and one with an abradable material deposited on the casing. The influence of geometric nonlinearities is assessed in both cases. In particular, contact interaction maps and abradable coating wear pattern maps are used to identify the main interactions that can be detrimental for the engine integrity.

Assessment of geometric nonlinearities influence on NASA rotor 37 response to blade tip/casing rubbing events

Consistent Vibration Analysis of Electrostatically Coupled Structures: Application to Microsystems

In the field of structural health monitoring or machine condition monitoring, the activation of nonlinear dynamic behavior complicates the procedure of damage or fault detection. Blind source separation (BSS) techniques are known as efficient methods for damage diagnosis. However, most of BSS techniques repose on the assumption of the linearity of the system and the need of many sensors. This article presents some possible extensions of those techniques that may improve the damage detection, e.g. Enhanced-Principal Component Analysis (EPCA), Kernel PCA (KPCA) and Blind Modal Identification (BMID). The advantages of EPCA rely on its rapidity of use and its reliability. The KPCA method, through the use of nonlinear kernel functions, allows to introduce nonlinear dependences between variables. BMID is adequate to identify and to detect damage for generally damped systems. In this paper, damage is firstly examined by Stochastic Subspace Identification (SSI); then the detection is achieved by comparing subspace features between the reference and a current state through statistics and the concept of subspace angle. Industrial data are used as illustration of the methods.

Comparison of output-only methods for condition monitoring of industrials systems

The first resonance frequency is a key performance characteristic of MEMS vibrometers. In batch fabrication, this first resonance frequency can exhibit scatter owing to various sources of manufacturing variability involved in the fabrication process. The aim of this work is to develop a stochastic multiscale model for predicting the first resonance frequency of MEMS microbeams constituted of polycrystals while accounting for the uncertainties in the microstructure due to the grain orientations. At the finest scale, we model the microstructure of polycrystaline materials using a random Voronoi tessellation, each grain being assigned a random orientation. Then, we apply a computational homogenization procedure on statistical volume elements to obtain a stochastic characterization of the elasticity tensor at the second scale of interest, the meso-scale. In the future, using a stochastic finite element method, we will propagate these meso-scale uncertainties to the first resonance frequency at the coarser scale.

Jean-Claude Golinval

Papers

Computation of nonlinear normal modes of large structures: application to a full-scale aircraft

Assessment of geometric nonlinearities influence on NASA rotor 37 response to blade tip/casing rubbing events

Consistent Vibration Analysis of Electrostatically Coupled Structures: Application to Microsystems

Comparison of output-only methods for condition monitoring of industrials systems

Prediction of macroscopic mechanical properties of a polycrystalline microbeam subjected to material uncertainties