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Cognition In The Wild

The Reality of the Mass Media

https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm/mlr_579_4.pdf?abstractid=875080&mirid=4

Law as a Social System

La conception de l'essence de la philosophie qui vient d'etre esquissee paraitrait se recommander pour plusieurs raisons:

a)

Elle presente la philosophie comme etant une science, en intention et potentiellement, au meme sens du mot „science“ que par exemple la physique ou la biologie: mais une science dont le sujet propre de recherches est different de celui des sciences naturelles; et d'ailleurs une science qui n'est pas encore tres avancee, parce que son sujet propre, et la methode de recherche qui lui est appropriee n'ont generalement pas ete discernes d'une facon adequate.




b)

En faisant une distinction entre les problemes pratiques a resoudre par la philosophie, et les problemes de philosophie, qui sont theoriques, notre conception rend justice, d'une part a l'opinion que la reflection philosophique peut et doit contribuer a la sagesse dans la conduite des affaires pratiques, et d'autre part au fait que beaucoup des problemes theoriques de la philosophie sont aussi abstrus, abstraits et techniques, et en apparence aussi denues d'implications pratiques, que beaucoup des problemes de physique theorique ou des mathematiques pures; mais la relation entre la theorie et la pratique est logiquement la meme dans les deux cas. En consequence meme les questions philosophiques les plus abstraites, quand elles ne sont pas des pseudo-questions et sont bien posees, ont potentiellement une importance pratique de l'espece particuliere qui a ete indiquee.




c)

La conception de la philosophie que nous avons ebauchee fait place, dans le domaine general de la philosophie, non seulement a la morale et aux autres branches de la philosophie dites normatives, mais aussi a la metaphysique et a l'epistemologie, tant que les hypotheses de ces dernieres ne sont pas dogmatiques, mais peuvent etre mises a l'epreuve consistant a voir si elles s'accordent avec les faits observables de l'espece appropriee, aussi bien qu'a l'epreuve de coherence interne et de coherence reciproque ou mutuelle.




d)

La conception philosophique presentee specifie quelle est l'espece de faits pouvant servir de reference pour controler empiriquement la validite ou l'invalidite des speculations philosophiques quand elles ne sont pas presentees comme des revelations d'oracle, et ainsi rend claire la forme particuliere que la methode scientifique, generatrice de connaissances, et non de simples croyances, doit assumer, lorsqu'elle est appliquee au sujet de recherches qui distingue la philosophie des autres sciences.




e)

Finalement, notre conception met en relief le fait que les mots (et en particulier les termes de valeur, et autres termes philosophiques) sont des outils crees par l'homme tout autant qu'une hache, un moteur electrique ou une maison; que les mots sont les moyens les plus typiques par lesquels les hommes s'influencent reciproquement, et enfin que les mots influencent les sentiments, les croyances et les actions, meme quand ils sont mal compris ou employes a tort. En consequence l'analyse ou la fixation de leur signification, qui permet de les appliquer avec discernement et sans malentendu aux faits, actions ou evenements concrets, est une tâche de la plus haute importance pour l'homme vivant en societe.

Qu'est-ce que la philosophie?

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2021.102466

Digital transformation in business and management research: An overview of the current status quo

Digital technology, digital culture and the metric/nonmetric distinction

This article develops a new sociological understanding of the difference between global and local relating to the phenomena of globalization. Globalization itself is redefined as one of society’s self-description insofar as, following Niklas Luhmann’s theory, society is conceived as a cognitive system that can only handle information (about the world, about itself) only through its own specific operation (communication), so that globalization affects society solely when the later communicates about the former. This effectively happens, it is argued, because communications about globalization convey an account of society’s current state, i.e. a description of society within society, hence fulfilling the system’s need for self-knowledge. The global value then coincides with the content of the particular self-description that globalization is, whereas the local value corresponds to the content of all other self-descriptions as seen from the previous perspective. Global and local are not spatial structures (levels, scales, places, distances, etc.), but different representations of space competing against each other in a process to determine within society the reality that society is. In the second part of the article, the ideas of Roland Robertson about globalization are reinterpreted so as to provide support to this new understanding of the difference global/local. Robertson distinguished four images of world-order which can be taken as equivalent to four self-descriptions of society. Globalization is precisely one of them. Contrasts between images of world-order as imagined by Robertson himself can thus illuminate what the global and the local have in common and how they diverge from each other. What is Global and What is Local? A Theoretical Discussion Around Globalization JEAn-SeBASTiEn GuY, PhD inTRODuCTiOn Puisque l’univers n’existe qu’autant qu’il est pense et puisqu’il n’est pense totalement que par la societe, il prend place en elle ; il devient un element de sa vie interieur, et ainsi elle est elle-meme le genre total en dehors duquel il n’existe rien.

/pdf/what-is-global-and-what-is-local-a-theoretical-discussion-9xv6rzh3x6.pdf

What is global and what is local? A theoretical discussion around globalization

This article is meant as an intervention in a special context currently taking shape: in recent years, we have observed the rise of relational sociology and within this paradigm, we can witness the re‐emergence of Niklas Luhmann's systems theory. This is worth mentioning since the latter has been largely neglected by other sociologists until now. This article supports this re‐emergence and, in an effort to make it easier, it explains how Luhmann developed his systems theory by borrowing key elements from the cybernetics movement. These elements revolve around the concept of self‐reference. The article discusses the meaning of self‐reference in light of four figures: self‐regulation, self‐organization, self‐observation and self‐production. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

‘Niklas Luhmann before Relational Sociology: The Cybernetics Roots of Systems Theory’: Niklas Luhmann before relational sociology

The article combines the research strategies developed by Bruno Latour and Niklas Luhmann to problematize how we interpret the world when discussing globalization. Two previous approaches – global modernity and global consciousness – interpret the world as completely objective (nature transcends culture). Another approach – global governmentality – interprets the world as completely subjective (culture transcends nature). Against these approaches, this article proposes a new one: the symmetrical anthropology (or sociology) of globalization. Inspired by Latour’s variable ontologies, it considers multiple descriptions of the world and multiple descriptions of society simultaneously. It considers globalization as one description of society and searches for the description of the world corresponding to it. It distinguishes three descriptions of the world: (1) the world as natural order; (2) the world as external object; and (3) the world as levels of organization. It is argued that the description of the worl...

Beyond global modernity, global consciousness and global governmentality: The symmetrical anthropology of globalization

This article focuses on Bourdieu’s topological conception of social space to expand on it and develop an alternative model. Bourdieu describes social space as topological because it consists of a s...

Jean-Sébastien Guy

Papers

Digital technology, digital culture and the metric/nonmetric distinction

What is global and what is local? A theoretical discussion around globalization

‘Niklas Luhmann before Relational Sociology: The Cybernetics Roots of Systems Theory’: Niklas Luhmann before relational sociology

Beyond global modernity, global consciousness and global governmentality: The symmetrical anthropology of globalization

Bourdieu in hyperspace: from social topology to the space of flows