A type system is a syntactic method for automatically checking the absence of certain erroneous behaviors by classifying program phrases according to the kinds of values they compute. The study of type systems -- and of programming languages from a type-theoretic perspective -- has important applications in software engineering, language design, high-performance compilers, and security.This text provides a comprehensive introduction both to type systems in computer science and to the basic theory of programming languages. The approach is pragmatic and operational; each new concept is motivated by programming examples and the more theoretical sections are driven by the needs of implementations. Each chapter is accompanied by numerous exercises and solutions, as well as a running implementation, available via the Web. Dependencies between chapters are explicitly identified, allowing readers to choose a variety of paths through the material.The core topics include the untyped lambda-calculus, simple type systems, type reconstruction, universal and existential polymorphism, subtyping, bounded quantification, recursive types, kinds, and type operators. Extended case studies develop a variety of approaches to modeling the features of object-oriented languages.

https://www.seas.upenn.edu/~bcpierce/tapl/contents.pdf

Types and Programming Languages

Linear logic was introduced by Girard in 1987 [11] . Since then many results have supported Girard' s statement, \"Linear logic is a resource conscious logic,\" and related slogans . Increasingly, computer scientists have come to recognize linear logic as an expressive and powerful logic with connection s to a variety of topics in computer science . This column presents a.n intuitive overview of linear logic, some recent theoretical results, an d summarizes several applications of linear logic to computer science . Other introductions to linear logic may be found in [12, 361 .

Linear logic

Our objective is to understand the notion of type in programming languages, present a model of typed, polymorphic programming languages that reflects recent research in type theory, and examine the relevance of recent research to the design of practical programming languages.Object-oriented languages provide both a framework and a motivation for exploring the interaction among the concepts of type, data abstraction, and polymorphism, since they extend the notion of type to data abstraction and since type inheritance is an important form of polymorphism. We develop a l-calculus-based model for type systems that allows us to explore these interactions in a simple setting, unencumbered by complexities of production programming languages.The evolution of languages from untyped universes to monomorphic and then polymorphic type systems is reviewed. Mechanisms for polymorphism such as overloading, coercion, subtyping, and parameterization are examined. A unifying framework for polymorphic type systems is developed in terms of the typed l-calculus augmented to include binding of types by quantification as well as binding of values by abstraction.The typed l-calculus is augmented by universal quantification to model generic functions with type parameters, existential quantification and packaging (information hiding) to model abstract data types, and bounded quantification to model subtypes and type inheritance. In this way we obtain a simple and precise characterization of a powerful type system that includes abstract data types, parametric polymorphism, and multiple inheritance in a single consistent framework. The mechanisms for type checking for the augmented l-calculus are discussed.The augmented typed l-calculus is used as a programming language for a variety of illustrative examples. We christen this language Fun because fun instead of l is the functional abstraction keyword and because it is pleasant to deal with.Fun is mathematically simple and can serve as a basis for the design and implementation of real programming languages with type facilities that are more powerful and expressive than those of existing programming languages. In particular, it provides a basis for the design of strongly typed object-oriented languages.

/pdf/on-understanding-types-data-abstraction-and-polymorphism-1a53y4aipq.pdf

On understanding types, data abstraction, and polymorphism

Sense, denotation and semantics natural deduction the Curry-Howard isomorphism the normalisation theorem Godel's system T coherence spaces denotational semantics of T sums in natural deduction system F coherence semantics of the sum cut elimination (Hauptsatz) strong normalisation for F representation theorem semantics of System F what is linear logic?

Proofs and types

Constraint programming is a powerful paradigm for solving combinatorial search problems that draws on a wide range of techniques from artificial intelligence, computer science, databases, programming languages, and operations research. Constraint programming is currently applied with success to many domains, such as scheduling, planning, vehicle routing, configuration, networks, and bioinformatics.

The aim of this handbook is to capture the full breadth and depth of the constraint programming field and to be encyclopedic in its scope and coverage. While there are several excellent books on constraint programming, such books necessarily focus on the main notions and techniques and cannot cover also extensions, applications, and languages. The handbook gives a reasonably complete coverage of all these lines of work, based on constraint programming, so that a reader can have a rather precise idea of the whole field and its potential. Of course each line of work is dealt with in a survey-like style, where some details may be neglected in favor of coverage. However, the extensive bibliography of each chapter will help the interested readers to find suitable sources for the missing details. Each chapter of the handbook is intended to be a self-contained survey of a topic, and is written by one or more authors who are leading researchers in the area.

The intended audience of the handbook is researchers, graduate students, higher-year undergraduates and practitioners who wish to learn about the state-of-the-art in constraint programming. No prior knowledge about the field is necessary to be able to read the chapters and gather useful knowledge. Researchers from other fields should find in this handbook an effective way to learn about constraint programming and to possibly use some of the constraint programming concepts and techniques in their work, thus providing a means for a fruitful cross-fertilization among different research areas.

The handbook is organized in two parts. The first part covers the basic foundations of constraint programming, including the history, the notion of constraint propagation, basic search methods, global constraints, tractability and computational complexity, and important issues in modeling a problem as a constraint problem. The second part covers constraint languages and solver, several useful extensions to the basic framework (such as interval constraints, structured domains, and distributed CSPs), and successful application areas for constraint programming.

- Covers the whole field of constraint programming
- Survey-style chapters
- Five chapters on applications

Table of Contents

Foreword (Ugo Montanari) 
Part I : Foundations
Chapter 1. Introduction (Francesca Rossi, Peter van Beek, Toby Walsh) 
Chapter 2. Constraint Satisfaction: An Emerging Paradigm (Eugene C. Freuder, Alan K. Mackworth) 
Chapter 3. Constraint Propagation (Christian Bessiere) 
Chapter 4. Backtracking Search Algorithms (Peter van Beek) 
Chapter 5. Local Search Methods (Holger H. Hoos, Edward Tsang) 
Chapter 6. Global Constraints (Willem-Jan van Hoeve, Irit Katriel)
Chapter 7. Tractable Structures for CSPs (Rina Dechter)
Chapter 8. The Complexity of Constraint Languages
(David Cohen, Peter Jeavons) 
Chapter 9. Soft Constraints (Pedro Meseguer, Francesca Rossi, Thomas Schiex) 
Chapter 10. Symmetry in Constraint Programming
(Ian P. Gent, Karen E. Petrie, Jean-Francois Puget)
Chapter 11. Modelling (Barbara M. Smith) 
Part II : Extensions, Languages, and Applications

Chapter 12. Constraint Logic Programming (Kim Marriott, Peter J. Stuckey, Mark Wallace) 
Chapter 13. Constraints in Procedural and Concurrent Languages (Thom Fruehwirth, Laurent Michel, Christian Schulte)
Chapter 14. Finite Domain Constraint Programming Systems (Christian Schulte, Mats Carlsson) 
Chapter 15. Operations Research Methods in Constraint Programming (John Hooker) 
Chapter 16. Continuous and Interval Constraints(Frederic Benhamou, Laurent Granvilliers) 
Chapter 17. Constraints over Structured Domains
(Carmen Gervet) 
Chapter 18. Randomness and Structure (Carla Gomes, Toby Walsh)
Chapter 19. Temporal CSPs (Manolis Koubarakis)
Chapter 20. Distributed Constraint Programming
(Boi Faltings) 
Chapter 21. Uncertainty and Change (Kenneth N. Brown, Ian Miguel)
Chapter 22. Constraint-Based Scheduling and Planning
(Philippe Baptiste, Philippe Laborie, Claude Le Pape, Wim Nuijten)
Chapter 23. Vehicle Routing (Philip Kilby, Paul Shaw) 
Chapter 24. Configuration (Ulrich Junker)
Chapter 25. Constraint Applications in Networks
(Helmut Simonis)
Chapter 26. Bioinformatics and Constraints (Rolf Backofen, David Gilbert)

/pdf/handbook-of-constraint-programming-53srutguo2.pdf

Handbook of Constraint Programming

https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00075095/document

On the unity of logic

Go back to An-fang, the Peace Square at An-Fang, the Beginning Place at An-Fang, where all things start (…) An-Fang was near a city, the only living city with a pre-atomic name (…) The headquarters of the People Programmer was at An-Fang, and there the mistake happened: A ruby trembled. Two tourmaline nets failed to rectify the laser beam. A diamond noted the error. Both the error and the correction went into the general computer. Cordwainer Smith The Dead Lady of Clown Town, 1964.

https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/S096012950100336X

Locus Solum: From the rules of logic to the logic of rules

Logic is no longer about a preexisting external reality, but about its own protocols, its own geometry. Typically the negation is not about saying "NOT", but about the mirror, the duality "I" vs. "the world"...

The new approach encompasses the old one, typically if "I" win, "the world" loses, i.e., wins "NOT". When logical artifacts are identified with their own rules of production, LOCATIVE phenomenons arise. In particular, one realises that usual logic (including linear logic) is SPIRITUAL, i.e., up to isomorphism. But there is a deeper locative level, with indeed a more regular structure. Typically the usual (additive) conjunction has the value of categorical product in usual logic, and enjoys commutativity, associativity, etc. up to isomorphism.

In ludics, what corresponds is a plain intersection G ∩ H, which is really associative, commutative, etc. (no isomorphisms); it contains the usual conjunction as a delocalised case ϕ(G) ∩ ψ(H). Incidentally this shows that the categorical view of logic - if very useful - is wrong... Nature abhors an isomorphism!

LUDICS is a monist approach to logic-without this nonsense distinction syntax/semantics/meta - just plain logical artifacts, period.

Locus Solum: From the Rules of Logic to the Logic of Rules

Linear logic: its syntax and semantics J. Y. Girard Part I. Categories and Semantics: 1. Bilinear logic in algebra and linguistics J. Lambek 2. A category arising in linear logic, complexity theory and set theory A. Blass 3. Hypercoherences: a strongly stable model of linear logic T. Erhard Part II. Complexity and Expressivity: 4. Deciding provability of linear logic formulas P. D. Lincoln 5. The direct simulation of Minsky machines in linear logic M. I. Kanovich 6. Stochastic interaction and linear logic P. D. Lincoln, J. Mitchell and A. Scedrov 7. Inheritance with exceptions C. Fouquere and J. Vauzeilles Part III. Proof Theory: 8. On the fine structure of the exponential rule S. Martini and A. Masini 9. Sequent calculi for second order logic V. Danos, J. B. Joinet and H. Schellinx Part IV. Proff Nets: 10. From proof nets to interaction nets Y. Lafont 11. Empires and kingdoms in MLL G. Bellin and J. Van De Wiele 12. Noncommutative proof nets V. M. Abrusci 13. Volume of multiplicative formulas and provability F. Metayer Part V. Geometry of Interaction: 14. Proof nets and Hilbert space V. Danos and L. Regnier 15. Geometry of interacion III: accomodating the additives J. Y. Girard.

Jean-Yves Girard

Papers

On the unity of logic

Locus Solum: From the rules of logic to the logic of rules

Locus Solum: From the Rules of Logic to the Logic of Rules

Advances in Linear Logic

Normal functors, power series and λ-calculus