Being successfully introduced into the market only 30 years ago, lithium‐ion batteries have become state‐of‐the‐art power sources for portable electronic devices and the most promising candidate for energy storage in stationary or electric vehicle applications. This widespread use in a multitude of industrial and private applications leads to the need for recycling and reutilization of their constituent components. Improving the “recycling technology” of lithium ion batteries is a continuous effort and recycling is far from maturity today. The complexity of lithium ion batteries with varying active and inactive material chemistries interferes with the desire to establish one robust recycling procedure for all kinds of lithium ion batteries. Therefore, the current state of the art needs to be analyzed, improved, and adapted for the coming cell chemistries and components. This paper provides an overview of regulations and new battery directive demands. It covers current practices in material collection, sorting, transportation, handling, and recycling. Future generations of batteries will further increase the diversity of cell chemistry and components. Therefore, this paper presents predictions related to the challenges of future battery recycling with regard to battery materials and chemical composition, and discusses future approaches to battery recycling.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/aenm.202102917

Recycling of Lithium‐Ion Batteries—Current State of the Art, Circular Economy, and Next Generation Recycling

https://www.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/aenm.202003456

Sustainable Li-Ion Batteries: Chemistry and Recycling

Ethylene oxidation by Ag catalysts has been extensively investigated over the past few decades, but many key fundamental issues about this important catalytic system are still unresolved. This over...

Overview of Selective Oxidation of Ethylene to Ethylene Oxide by Ag Catalysts

Multifunctional lignin-based nanocomposites and nanohybrids

E-waste generated from end-of-life spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is increasing at a rapid rate owing to the increasing consumption of these batteries in portable electronics, electric vehicles, and renewable energy storage worldwide. On the one hand, landfilling and incinerating LIBs e-waste poses environmental and safety concerns owing to their constituent materials. On the other hand, scarcity of metal resources used in manufacturing LIBs and potential value creation through the recovery of these metal resources from spent LIBs has triggered increased interest in recycling spent LIBs from e-waste. State of the art recycling of spent LIBs involving pyrometallurgy and hydrometallurgy processes generates considerable unwanted environmental concerns. Hence, alternative innovative approaches toward the green recycling process of spent LIBs are essential to tackle large volumes of spent LIBs in an environmentally friendly way. Such evolving techniques for spent LIBs recycling based on green approaches, including bioleaching, waste for waste approach, and electrodeposition, are discussed here. Furthermore, the ways to regenerate strategic metals post leaching, efficiently reprocess extracted high-value materials, and reuse them in applications including electrode materials for new LIBs. The concept of "circular economy" is highlighted through closed-loop recycling of spent LIBs achieved through green-sustainable approaches.

Green Recycling Methods to Treat Lithium-Ion Batteries E-Waste: A Circular Approach to Sustainability.

Efficient and sustainable recycling of cobalt(II) is of increasing importance to support technological development in energy storage and electric vehicle industries. A composite material based on m...

https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/acsomega.0c00492

Membrane-Filtered Kraft Lignin-Silica Hybrids as Bio-Based Sorbents for Cobalt(II) Ion Recycling.

Glycine-functionalized silica as sorbent for cobalt(II) and nickel(II) recovery

Lignin is a renewable biopolymer, and its chemical functionalization renders it a prospective material for a plethora of applications. Within this respect, we present a method for lignin immobiliza...

Tailored Hydrophobic/Hydrophilic Lignin Coatings on Mesoporous Silica for Sustainable Cobalt(II) Recycling

The growing demand for Li-ion batteries (LIBs) has made their postconsumer recycling an imperative need toward the recovery of valuable metals, such as cobalt and nickel. Nevertheless, their recove ...

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Papers

Sustainable Li-Ion Batteries: Chemistry and Recycling

Membrane-Filtered Kraft Lignin-Silica Hybrids as Bio-Based Sorbents for Cobalt(II) Ion Recycling.

Glycine-functionalized silica as sorbent for cobalt(II) and nickel(II) recovery

Tailored Hydrophobic/Hydrophilic Lignin Coatings on Mesoporous Silica for Sustainable Cobalt(II) Recycling

Toward Sustainable Li-Ion Battery Recycling : Green Metal-Organic Framework as a Molecular Sieve for the Selective Separation of Cobalt and Nickel