抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

The organization of behavior: A neuropsychological theory

中枢神経系疾患の治療は正常細胞（ニューロン）の機能維持を目的とするが，脳血管障害のように機能障害の原因が細胞の死滅に基づくことは多い．一方，脳腫瘍の治療においては薬物療法や放射線療法といった腫瘍細胞の死滅を目標とするものが大きな位置を占める．いずれの場合にも，細胞死の機序を理解することは各種病態や治療法の理解のうえで重要である．現在のところ最も研究の進んでいる細胞死の型はアポトーシスである．そのなかで重要な位置を占めるミトコンドリアにおける反応および抗アポトーシス因子について概要を紹介する．

Neuroscience 細胞死：最近の知見

In the Hamadryas baboon, males are substantially larger than females. A troop of baboons is subdivided into a number of ‘one-male groups’, consisting of one adult male and one or more females with their young. The male prevents any of ‘his’ females from moving too far from him. Kummer (1971) performed the following experiment. Two males, A and B, previously unknown to each other, were placed in a large enclosure. Male A was free to move about the enclosure, but male B was shut in a small cage, from which he could observe A but not interfere. A female, unknown to both males, was then placed in the enclosure. Within 20 minutes male A had persuaded the female to accept his ownership. Male B was then released into the open enclosure. Instead of challenging male A , B avoided any contact, accepting A’s ownership.

Evolution and the Theory of Games

Let's read! We will often find out this sentence everywhere. When still being a kid, mom used to order us to always read, so did the teacher. Some books are fully read in a week and we need the obligation to support reading. What about now? Do you still love reading? Is reading only for you who have obligation? Absolutely not! We here offer you a new book enPDFd the perception of the visual world to read.

The Perception of the Visual World. By James J. Gibson. U.S.A.: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1950 (George Allen & Unwin, Ltd., London). Price 35s.

Let's read! We will often find out this sentence everywhere. When still being a kid, mom used to order us to always read, so did the teacher. Some books are fully read in a week and we need the obligation to support reading. What about now? Do you still love reading? Is reading only for you who have obligation? Absolutely not! We here offer you a new book enPDFd evolutionary robotics the biology intelligence and technology of self organizing machines intelligent robotics and autonomous agents series to read.

Evolutionary robotics: The biology, intelligence, and technology of self‐organizing machines

Neural network simulators that take into account the spiking behavior of neurons are useful for studying brain mechanisms and for various neural engineering applications. Spiking Neural Network (SNN) simulators have been traditionally simulated on large-scale clusters, super-computers, or on dedicated hardware architectures. Alternatively, Compute Unified Device Architecture (CUDA) Graphics Processing Units (GPUs) can provide a low-cost, programmable, and high-performance computing platform for simulation of SNNs. In this paper we demonstrate an efficient, biologically realistic, large-scale SNN simulator that runs on a single GPU. The SNN model includes lzhikevich spiking neurons, detailed models of synaptic plasticity and variable axonal delay. We allow user-defined configuration of the GPU-SNN model by means of a high-level programming interface written in C++ but similar to the PyNN programming interface specification. PyNN is a common programming interface developed by the neuronal simulation community to allow a single script to run on various simulators. The GPU implementation (on NVIDIA GTX-280 with 1 GB of memory) is up to 26 times faster than a CPU version for the simulation of 100K neurons with 50 Million synaptic connections, firing at an average rate of 7 Hz. For simulation of 10 Million synaptic connections and 100K neurons, the GPU SNN model is only 1.5 times slower than real-time. Further, we present a collection of new techniques related to parallelism extraction, mapping of irregular communication, and network representation for effective simulation of SNNs on GPUs. The fidelity of the simulation results was validated on CPU simulations using firing rate, synaptic weight distribution, and inter-spike interval analysis. Our simulator is publicly available to the modeling community so that researchers will have easy access to large-scale SNN simulations.

A configurable simulation environment for the efficient simulation of large-scale spiking neural networks on graphics processors

Effects of dendritic morphology on CA3 pyramidal cell electrophysiology: a simulation study

2009 Special Issue: A configurable simulation environment for the efficient simulation of large-scale spiking neural networks on graphics processors

Biological organisms have the ability to respond quickly to an ever-changing world. Because this adaptability is so critical for survival, all vertebrates have sub-cortical structures, which comprise the neuromodulatory systems, to regulate fundamental behavior and drive decision making in response to environmental events. In the vertebrate, there are separate neuromodulators that respond to threats, reward anticipation, novelty, and attentional effort. However, each of these neuromodulatory systems has a similar effect, that is, to cause an organism to be decisive when environmental conditions call for such actions, and allow the organism to be more exploratory when there are no pressing events. In this article, it is proposed that principles of the neuromodulatory system could provide a framework for controlling artificial agents that may improve current artificial agent behavior. These agents would operate autonomously, effectively explore their environment, and be decisive when environmental conditions call for action.

/pdf/the-neuromodulatory-system-a-framework-for-survival-and-4vjmmc42ae.pdf

Jeffrey L. Krichmar

Papers

Evolutionary robotics: The biology, intelligence, and technology of self‐organizing machines

A configurable simulation environment for the efficient simulation of large-scale spiking neural networks on graphics processors

Effects of dendritic morphology on CA3 pyramidal cell electrophysiology: a simulation study

2009 Special Issue: A configurable simulation environment for the efficient simulation of large-scale spiking neural networks on graphics processors

The Neuromodulatory System: A Framework for Survival and Adaptive Behavior in a Challenging World