There is a special reason for reviewing this book at this time: it is the 50th edition of a compendium that is known and used frequently in most chemical and physical laboratories in many parts of the world. Surely, a publication that has been published for 56 years, withstanding the vagaries of science in this century, must have had something to offer. There is another reason: while the book is a standard fixture in most chemical and physical laboratories, including those in medical centers, it is not as frequently seen in the laboratories of physician's offices (those either in solo or group practice). I believe that the Handbook can be useful in those laboratories. One of the reasons, among others, is that the various basic items of information it offers may be helpful in new tests, either physical or chemical, which are continuously being published. The basic information may relate

Handbook of Chemistry and Physics

Oxidative stress hypothesis in alzheimer's disease

Lipids and their constituent fatty acids are, along with proteins, the major organic constituents of fish, and they play major roles as sources of metabolic energy for growth including reproduction and movement, including migration. Furthermore, the fatty acids of fish lipids are rich in ω3 long chain, highly unsaturated fatty acids (n-3 HUFA) that have particularly important roles in animal nutrition, including fish and human nutrition, reflecting their roles in critical physiological processes. Indeed, fish are the most important food source of these vital nutrients for man. Thus, the longstanding interest in fish lipids stems from their abundance and their uniqueness. This review attempts to summarize our present state of knowledge of various aspects of the basic biochemistry, metabolism, and functions of fatty acids, and the lipids they constitute part of, in fish, seeking where possible to relate that understanding as much to fish in their natural environment as to farmed fish. In doing so, it highli...

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Metabolism and Functions of Lipids and Fatty Acids in Teleost Fish

Minimally invasive thermal ablation of tumours has become common since the advent of modern imaging. From the ablation of small, unresectable tumours to experimental therapies, percutaneous radiofrequency ablation, microwave ablation, cryoablation and irreversible electroporation have an increasing role in the treatment of solid neoplasms. This Opinion article examines the mechanisms of tumour cell death that are induced by the most common thermoablative techniques and discusses the rapidly developing areas of research in the field, including combinatorial ablation and immunotherapy, synergy with conventional chemotherapy and radiation, and the development of a new ablation modality in irreversible electroporation.

Thermal ablation of tumours: biological mechanisms and advances in therapy.

http://mama.indstate.edu/angillet/Thermal%20Adaptation/Publications/Angilletta%20et%20al%20(in%20press).pdf

The evolution of thermal physiology in ectotherms

The phase behavior and physical properties of lipids in biological membranes are exquisitely sensitive to changes in temperature (50). Because membranes (a) act as physical barriers to solute diffusion, (b) mediate the transmembrane movement of specific solutes, (c) regulate the utilization of energy stored in transmembrane ion gradients, Cd) provide an organizing matrix for the assem­ bly of multicomponent metabolic and signal transduction pathways, and (e) supply precursors for the generation of lipid-derived second messengers, tem­ perature-induced perturbations in membrane organization pose a serious chal­ lenge to the maintenance of physiological function in poikilotherms. However, poikilotherms exploit the diversity of lipid structure to fashion membranes with physical properties appropriate to their thermal circumstance and, in this way, restore membrane function following thermal challenge. Based on the finding that membrane lipids of Escherichia coli grown at 43 and 15°C dis­ played similar physical properties when compared at their respective growth temperatures, Sinensky concluded that membrane fluidity was defended as growth temperature changes and referred to this cellular homeostatic response as homeoviscous adaptation CHV A) (94). Since the original exposition of this hypothesis, HV A has emerged as the most commonly employed paradigm to assess the efficacy of thermal adaptation in biological membranes and to explain patterns of temperature-induced change in membrane lipid composi-

/pdf/thermal-adaptation-in-biological-membranes-is-homeoviscous-bpbjli7qmm.pdf

Thermal adaptation in biological membranes: is homeoviscous adaptation the explanation?

The role of alterations in membrane lipid composition in enabling physiological adaptation of organisms to their physical environment.

Rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) acclimated to 5 degrees C possessed larger livers and less neutral lipid per gram of liver than 20 degrees C-acclimated animals; quantities of liver glycolipid, phospholipid, and cholesterol did not vary significantly with acclimation temperature. The relative proportions of phosphatidylethanolamine increased significantly following cold exposure, whereas the quantities of sphingomyelin and cardiolipin declined. For all phosphatides examined (phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylinositol, lysolecithin, cardiolipin, sphingomyelin) cold acclimation resulted in 1) an increase in the quantity of polyunsaturated fatty acids, 2) a reduction in the level of saturated fatty acids, and 3) little change in the total content of monoenes and dienes. The increased content of polyunsaturated fatty acids in choline and ethanolamine phosphatides following cold acclimation was confined to the 2-position and occurred at the expense of monoenes and dienes. The relative proportions of n - 3 fatty acids, and less frequently n - 6 fatty acids, increased in phosphatides of cold-acclimated trout, whereas the relative proportions of n - 9 fatty acids declined. These data suggest a preferential incorporation of fatty acids belonging to the linolenic acid family at reduced temperatures. Temperature-induced changes in the chemical composition of trout liver phospholipids counteracted the effects of acute temperature change on nonelectrolyte permeability of isolated liposomes.

Influence of thermal acclimation on membrane lipid composition of rainbow trout liver

To examine the effect of endurance training (6 wk of treadmill running) on regional mitochondrial adaptations within skeletal muscle, subsarcolemmal (SS) and intermyofibrillar (IMF) mitochondria we...

Differential responses to endurance training in subsarcolemmal and intermyofibrillar mitochondria

Undiluted cytosolic extracts were prepared from fast glycolytic muscle tissue of white perch (Morone americanus). Diffusion coefficients (D) through the cytosol preparations were estimated in vitro for a series of selected low molecular weight compounds using an experimental diffusion chamber. Determinations were made at 5 degrees and 25 degrees C to assess thermal sensitivity of the process. Non-metabolizable analogues of naturally occurring compounds were employed to avoid chemical alteration of solutes by the catalytically competent preparations during diffusion experiments. Kinematic viscosity of cytosolic extracts, which is a major determinant of diffusive resistance, increases from 2.94 +/- 0.06 to 5.35 +/- 0.02 X 10(-2) cm2 s-1 between temperatures of 25 degrees and 5 degrees C (Q10 = 1.35 +/- 0.01). The diffusion coefficients (D) of D-lactic acid are 2.26 +/- 0.84 and 0.79 +/- 0.15 X 10(-6) cm2s-1 at 25 degrees and 5 degrees C, respectively (Q10 = 1.84 +/- 0.36). The D values of 2-deoxyglucose are 2.87 +/- 1.01 and 1.22 +/- 0.36 X 10(-6) cm2s-1 at 25 degrees and 5 degrees C (Q10 = 1.75 +/- 0.54). The D values of Ca2+ are 2.47 +/- 0.28 and 1.09 +/- 0.36 X 10(-6) cm2s-1 at 25 degrees and 5 degrees C (Q10 = 2.04 +/- 0.36). The D values for the ATP analogue, AMP-PNP, are 0.87 +/- 0.33 and 0.81 +/- 0.15 X 10(-6) cm2s-1 at 25 degrees and 5 degrees C (Q10 = 0.98 +/- 0.12). AMP-PNP is the only compound tested which did not show significant thermal sensitivity of diffusion. Recently reported changes in muscle cell ultrastructure induced by temperature acclimation of fishes may serve to counteract the effect of temperature change on diffusion of key small molecules through the aqueous cytoplasm, thus maintaining flux rates between cellular compartments. These mechanisms may be of considerable import in achieving relative temperature independence of cellular function that is characteristic of many eurythermal aquatic animals.

Jeffrey R. Hazel

Papers

Thermal adaptation in biological membranes: is homeoviscous adaptation the explanation?

The role of alterations in membrane lipid composition in enabling physiological adaptation of organisms to their physical environment.

Influence of thermal acclimation on membrane lipid composition of rainbow trout liver

Differential responses to endurance training in subsarcolemmal and intermyofibrillar mitochondria

Temperature affects the diffusion of small molecules through cytosol of fish muscle