PAH diagnostic ratios for the identification of pollution emission sources

The Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs or polyaromatic hydrocarbons) have been extensively studied to understand their distribution, fate and effects in the environment (Haftka 2009; Laane et al. 1999, 2006, 2013; Okuda et al. 2002; Page et al. 1999; Pavlova and Ivanova 2003; Stout et al. 2001a; Zhang et al. 2005). They are organic compounds consisting of conjoined aromatic rings without heteroatoms (Schwarzenbach et al. 2003). Sander and Wise (1997) list 660 parent PAH compounds (i.e., aromatic substances without alkyl groups and consisting solely of fused rings connected to each other), ranging from the monocyclic molecule of benzene (molecular weight = 78) up to nine-ringed structures (MW up to 478). PAHs containing one or more alkyl groups are called alkyl PAHs. Our study deals with the parent compounds (without alkyl groups and/or heteroatoms), the alkyl PAHs (denoted as PAHn, with n referring to the number of methyl groups; see footnotes in Table 1), and certain heterocyclic sulfur PAHs (dibenzothiophenes). The term PAHs includes all the above, unless explicitly specified. In Table 1, we present the nomenclature of PAHs used in this paper.

https://www.springer.com/cda/content/document/cda_downloaddocument/9783319106373-c1.pdf?SGWID=0-0-45-1486896-p176905844

Source characterization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by using their molecular indices: an overview of possibilities

Levels, composition profiles and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban soil of Shanghai, China

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are organic compounds that are widely distributed in the air, water, and soil. Recently, the amount of PAHs derived from fuels and from incomplete combustion processes is increasing. In the aquatic environment, oil spills directly cause PAH pollution and affect marine organisms. Oil spills correlate very well with the major shipping routes. Furthermore, accidental oil spills can seriously impact the marine environment toxicologically. Here, we describe PAH toxicities and related bioaccumulation properties in aquatic animals, including invertebrates. Recent studies have revealed the toxicity of PAHs, including endocrine disruption and tissue-specific toxicity, although researchers have mainly focused on the carcinogenic toxicity of PAHs. We summarize the toxicity of PAHs regarding these aspects. Additionally, the bioaccumulation properties of PAHs for organisms, including invertebrates, are important factors when considering PAH toxicity. In this review, we describe the bioaccumulation properties of PAHs in aquatic animals. Recently, microplastics have been the most concerning environmental problem in the aquatic ecosystem, and the vector effect of microplastics for lipophilic compounds is an emerging environmental issue. Here, we describe the correlation between PAHs and microplastics. Thus, we concluded that PAHs have a toxicity for aquatic animals, indicating that we should emphasize the prevention of aquatic PAH pollution.

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Toxicities of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons for Aquatic Animals.

http://eportfolio.lib.ksu.edu.tw/user/T/0/T093000204/repository/Native%20polycyclic%20aromatic%20hydrocarbons%20(PAH)%20in%20coals%20%E2%80%93%20A%20hardly%20recognized%20source%20of%20environmental%20contamination.pdf

Native polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in coals - A hardly recognized source of environmental contamination

Characterization and source identification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in river bank soils.

To determine the source of PAHs, their ratios and specific GC/MS patterns are used. Typical ratios of parent PAHs like Phenanthrene/Anthracene or Fluoranthene/Pyrene and ratios of parent PAHs to their related alkylated PAHs help to identify the source. Due to the different thermokinetic character of PAHs, PAH distributions can provide information of a pyrogenic (combustion derived) or petrogenic (oil, coal) source (Colombo et al. 1989). Several PAHs like Perylene, Cyclopenta(c,d)pyrene and Benzo(b)naphto(2,1-d)thiophen can act as biogenic or anthropogenic marker.

Jelena Petrowsky

Papers

Characterization and source identification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in river bank soils.

PAH Source Identification of Bank and Alluvial Soils