The detection of psychiatric illness by questionnaire

The average prevalence rate of non-psychotic postpartum depression based on the results of a large number of studies is 13%. Prevalence estimates are affected by the nature of the assessment method...

Rates and risk of postpartum depression—a meta-analysis

Background We conducted a randomized clinical trial to determine whether treatment of women with gestational diabetes mellitus reduced the risk of perinatal complications. Methods We randomly assig...

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Effect of treatment of gestational diabetes mellitus on pregnancy outcomes

Background Approximately 13% of women experience postpartum depression. Early recognition is one of the most difficult challenges with this mood disorder because of how covertly it is suffered. Objectives The purpose of this meta-analysis was to update the findings of an earlier meta-analysis of postpartum depression predictors that had synthesized the results of studies conducted mostly in the 1980s. Method A meta-analysis of 84 studies published in the decade of the 1990s was conducted to determine the magnitude of the relationships between postpartum depression and various risk factors. Using the software system Advanced Basic Meta-Analysis, effect sizes were calculated three ways: unweighted, weighted by sample size, and weighted by quality index score. Results Thirteen significant predictors of postpartum depression were revealed. Ten of the 13 risk factors had moderate effect sizes while three predictors had small effect sizes. The mean effect size indicator ranges for each risk factor were as follows: prenatal depression (.44 to .46), self esteem (.45 to. 47), childcare stress (.45 to .46), prenatal anxiety (.41 to .45), life stress (.38 to .40), social support (.36 to .41), marital relationship (.38 to .39), history of previous depression (.38 to .39), infant temperament (.33 to .34), maternity blues (.25 to .31), marital status (.21 to .35), socioeconomic status (.19 to .22), and unplanned/unwanted pregnancy (.14 to .17). Conclusions Results confirmed findings of an earlier meta-analysis and in addition revealed four new predictors of postpartum depression: self-esteem, marital status, socioeconomic status, and unplanned/unwanted pregnancy.

Predictors of postpartum depression: an update.

https://yorkspace.library.yorku.ca/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10315/2553/Antenatal%20risk%20factors%20for%20postpartum%20depression.pdf

Antenatal risk factors for postpartum depression: a synthesis of recent literature

The development of a 10-item self-report scale (EPDS) to screen for Postnatal Depression in the community is described. After extensive pilot interviews a validation study was carried out on 84 mothers using the Research Diagnostic Criteria for depressive illness obtained from Goldberg's Standardised Psychiatric Interview. The EPDS was found to have satisfactory sensitivity and specificity, and was also sensitive to change in the severity of depression over time. The scale can be completed in about 5 minutes and has a simple method of scoring. The use of the EPDS in the secondary prevention of Postnatal Depression is discussed.

Detection of postnatal depression. Development of the 10-item Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale.

This latest publication from Cox and Holden is wide-ranging in its use of research examples from across the globe, yet has plenty of practical advice for those working at the cutting edge of primary care. The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) was originally developed in the 1980s by the authors because they observed that postnatal depression caused much unnecessary misery for women and their families. Existing self-report scales were unsuitable for child-bearing women, due to the very specific presentation of perinatal depression. Since its first publication in 1987, the scale has been used for a wide variety of purposes and in a wide range of settings. The authors view this publication as a ‘handbook’ for readers, to update themselves on the use and applications of the EPDS in a variety of cultural contexts. The first chapter of the book contains a comprehensive summary of postnatal depression, covering (albeit concisely) aetiology, diagnosis, treatment and the psychosocial consequences of the illness. Chapters two and three summarise how the EPDS was developed and the cultural issues which have arisen from the translation of the scale into twenty-three languages to date. The discussion surrounding the interpretation and translation of certain idiomatic phrases that form part of the questionnaire (e.g. ‘things have been getting on top of me’) should prove thought-provoking for those considering using the EPDS within different cultural and linguistic contexts. The main body of the book is concerned with the use of the scale in clinical and research settings, the development and success of counselling and other interventions in the care of women with perinatal depression, and how the EPDS could be used in a comprehensive community-based screening programme to detect depression in child-bearing women. The final chapter is essentially practical in nature and highlights common problems and questions arising with regard to the administration of the scale by health care professionals. Who is this book intended for? Its size and user-friendly style makes it suitable for students in the field of primary health care who require a concise and readily apprehensible summary of the EPDS and its use in a range of contexts. Its emphasis on the cultural applications of the scale and the inclusion of twenty full translations of the EPDS (taking up nearly one third of the book) might appeal to those intending to implement the scale in another country, or within different ethnic groups in the UK. Additionally, the spectrum of research examples cited and discussed with regard to not only the detection of perinatal depression, but also its treatment, could make this an invaluable text for those considering using the EPDS in a research context or JOURNAL OF REPRODUCTIVE AND INFANT PSYCHOLOGY, VOL. 23, NO. 2, MAY 2005, pp. 201–202

Perinatal Mental Health : A Guide to the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale

The authors Acknowledgments Abbreviations List of figures Foreword - Professor Louise Howard Preface to the first edition - John Cox and Jeni Holden Preface to the second edition - John Cox, Jeni Holden and Carol Henshaw 1. Postnatal depression: an overview 2. The origins and development of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale 3. International and transcultural issues 4. Using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale in clinical settings: research evidence 5. Humanistic and person-centred interventions in perinatal depression 6. Screening and intervention services in the community 7. Using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale Appendix 1 - The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale Appendix 2 - Translations of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale References

Perinatal mental health : the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) manual

The origins and development of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale

The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) is a questionnaire and was designed as a simple means of screening for postnatal depression in health care settings. The scale is now in use around the world and this book is a practical guide to using the scale in clinical practice, its origins and development background. This second edition has been revised and contains much advice based on years of experience. All chapters and references have been updated and the chapters on screening and counselling have been considerably revised, the evidence base on interventions for perinatal depression is provided, plus details of innovative methods such as internet-based therapy. The scale can also be used by researchers seeking information on factors which influence the emotional well-being of new mothers and their families and guidance is also given on use of the scale in research settings. The book will be useful for psychologists, psychiatrists, health visitors, midwives, family doctors, obstetricians and community psychiatric nurses, plus researchers in perinatal health.

Jeni Holden

Papers

Detection of postnatal depression. Development of the 10-item Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale.

Perinatal Mental Health : A Guide to the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale

Perinatal mental health : the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) manual

The origins and development of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale

Perinatal Mental Health: The EPDS Manual