https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.2307%2F3343168.pdf

Development as Freedom

Symposium Review: 25th Anniversary of Moral Boundaries by Joan Tronto

Background
The scoping review has become an increasingly popular approach for synthesizing research evidence. It is a relatively new approach for which a universal study definition or definitive procedure has not been established. The purpose of this scoping review was to provide an overview of scoping reviews in the literature.

Methods
A scoping review was conducted using the Arksey and O'Malley framework. A search was conducted in four bibliographic databases and the gray literature to identify scoping review studies. Review selection and characterization were performed by two independent reviewers using pretested forms.

Results
The search identified 344 scoping reviews published from 1999 to October 2012. The reviews varied in terms of purpose, methodology, and detail of reporting. Nearly three-quarter of reviews (74.1%) addressed a health topic. Study completion times varied from 2 weeks to 20 months, and 51% utilized a published methodological framework. Quality assessment of included studies was infrequently performed (22.38%).

Conclusions
Scoping reviews are a relatively new but increasingly common approach for mapping broad topics. Because of variability in their conduct, there is a need for their methodological standardization to ensure the utility and strength of evidence. © 2014 The Authors. Research Synthesis Methods published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/jrsm.1123

A scoping review of scoping reviews: advancing the approach and enhancing the consistency

Inclusion and democracy.

Justice and the Politics of Difference

We examine the perspectives of 14 key informants with extensive knowledge of dental care provision in Canada regarding systemic factors that could push Canadians to participate in dental tourism. Drawing on interview discussions about Canadians' access to dental care and their participation in dental tourism, we identify systemic factors related to how dental care is financed and delivered, rising costs of dental care and consumerism in terms of their potential role in Canadians' decisions to purchase dental care abroad. Further research on individual experiences accessing and using dental care, both in Canada and abroad, could help provide a better understanding of how these factors are informing Canadians' decision-making regarding dental care and, as a result, access to needed care.

The Perfect Storm: What's Pushing Canadians Abroad for Dental Care?

One often hears stories of people in terrible and seemingly intractable situations who are preyed upon by individuals offering empty promises of help. Frequently these cases are condemned as “exploiting the hope” of another. These accusations are made in a range of contexts, including human smuggling, the beauty industry, and unproven medical interventions. This concept is meant to do heavy lifting in public discourse, identifying a specific form of unethical conduct. However, it is poorly understood what is meant to be wrong by the accusation of exploiting hope, the range of activities that can accurately be captured under this concept, and what should be done about it. Thus, it is an ethical concept that is ripe for extended analysis and discussion. This book offers a close study of the concept of exploiting hope. First, it examines this concept in the abstract, including a close look at how this term is used in the popular press and individual examinations of the concepts of exploitation and hope. This theory-based section culminates in the author’s own account of what it is to exploit hope and when and why doing so is morally problematic. The second section of the book examines how hope for improved health from unproven medical interventions can be exploited. This includes exploitation of hope in the context of participants in clinical trials, purchasing unproven stem cell interventions, right to try legislation, and crowdfunding for unproven interventions.

Exploiting Hope: How the Promise of New Medical Interventions Sustains Us--and Makes Us Vulnerable

Offshore medical schools are for-profit, private enterprises located in the Caribbean that provide undergraduate medical education to students who must leave the region for postgraduate training and also typically to practice This growing industry attracts many medical students from the US and Canada who wish to return home to practice medicine After graduation, international medical graduates can encounter challenges obtaining residency placements and can face other barriers related to practice We conducted a qualitative thematic analysis to discern the dominant messages found on offshore medical school websites Dominant messages included frequent references to push and pull factors intended to encourage potential applicants to consider attending an offshore medical school We reviewed 38 English-language Caribbean offshore medical school websites in order to extract and record content pertaining to push and pull factors We found two push and four pull factors present across most offshore medical school websites Push factors include the: shortages of physicians in the US and Canada that require new medical trainees; and low acceptance rates at medical schools in intended students’ home countries Pull factors include the: financial benefits of attending an offshore medical school; geographic location and environment of training in the Caribbean; training quality and effectiveness; and the potential to practice medicine in one’s home country This analysis contributes to our understanding of some of the factors behind students’ decisions to attend an offshore medical school Importantly, push and pull factors do not address the barriers faced by offshore medical school graduates in finding postgraduate residency placements and ultimately practicing elsewhere It is clear from push and pull factors that these medical schools heavily focus messaging and marketing towards students from the US and Canada, which raises questions about who benefits from this offshoring practice

/pdf/location-is-surprisingly-a-lot-more-important-than-you-think-3xb8mn4qyb.pdf

"Location is surprisingly a lot more important than you think": a critical thematic analysis of push and pull factor messaging used on Caribbean offshore medical school websites.

Background In Canada, the legalization of cannabis has enabled cannabidiol (CBD) to become a popular commercial product, increasingly used for medical or therapeutic purposes. There are currently over one thousand CBD products available globally, ranging from oil extracts to CBD-infused beverages. Despite increased usage and availability, the evidence supporting the medical efficacy of CBD is limited. Anecdotal evidence suggests CBD sellers represent their products for medical use through direct medical claims or advice, which in Canada, is not allowed under the Cannabis Act without Health Canada approval. However, it is not clear the extent of sellers making health claims or other strategies used to promote medical usage of CBD. The objective of this study is to determine how CBD sellers advertise their products online to consumers. Methods The product descriptions of 2165 CBD products from 70 websites selling CBD products for human consumption in Canada were collected from January 14th, 2020 to February 2nd, 2020 using an automated website scraper tool. A framing analysis was used to determine how CBD sellers frame their products to prospective customers. The specific medical conditions CBD is represented to treat and product forms were tabulated. Results CBD products are framed to prospective customer through three distinct frames: a specific cure or treatment (n = 1153), a natural health product (n = 872), and a product used in certain ways to achieve particular results (n = 1388). Product descriptions contained medical or therapeutic claims for 171 medical conditions and ailments, with 53.3% of products containing at least one claim. The most prevalent claims found in product descriptions were the ability to treat or manage pain (n = 824), anxiety (n = 609), and inflammation (n = 545). Claims were found for treating or managing serious and-life-threatening illnesses such as multiple sclerosis (n = 210), arthritis (n = 179), cancer (n = 169), Crohn's disease (n = 78), Parkinson's disease (n = 59), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (n = 54). CBD most often came in oil/tincture/concentrate form (n = 755), followed by edibles (n = 428), and vaporizer pen/cartridge/liquid products (n = 290). Conclusion The findings suggest CBD is represented as a medical option for numerous conditions and ailments. We recommend Health Canada to conduct a systematic audit of companies selling CBD for regulatory adherence.

/pdf/selling-cannabidiol-products-in-canada-a-framing-analysis-of-30vv7u00jg.pdf

Selling cannabidiol products in Canada: A framing analysis of advertising claims by online retailers.

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Jeremy Snyder

Papers

The Perfect Storm: What's Pushing Canadians Abroad for Dental Care?

Exploiting Hope: How the Promise of New Medical Interventions Sustains Us--and Makes Us Vulnerable

"Location is surprisingly a lot more important than you think": a critical thematic analysis of push and pull factor messaging used on Caribbean offshore medical school websites.

Selling cannabidiol products in Canada: A framing analysis of advertising claims by online retailers.

Multiple forms of exploitation in international research: the need for multiple standards of fairness.