Global environmental concerns and the escalating demand for energy, coupled with steady progress in renewable energy technologies, are opening up new opportunities for utilization of renewable energy resources. Solar energy is the most abundant, inexhaustible and clean of all the renewable energy resources till date. The power from sun intercepted by the earth is about 1.8 × 1011 MW, which is many times larger than the present rate of all the energy consumption. Photovoltaic technology is one of the finest ways to harness the solar power. This paper reviews the photovoltaic technology, its power generating capability, the different existing light absorbing materials used, its environmental aspect coupled with a variety of its applications. The different existing performance and reliability evaluation models, sizing and control, grid connection and distribution have also been discussed. © 2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

A review of solar photovoltaic technologies

Simulation and the monte carlo method

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Power Electronics Converters Applications And Design

Artificial intelligence techniques for photovoltaic applications: A review

Review of energy storage technologies for sustainable power networks

Probabilistic load flow for photovoltaic distributed generation using the Cornish–Fisher expansion

In this study, analytical techniques and the Monte Carlo method were both applied to solve a probabilistic load flow in radial distribution networks with photovoltaic-distributed generation, but considering the technical constraints that apply to the networks (e.g. voltage regulation). The analytical technique used in this study combined the method of cumulants with the Gram-Charlier expansion to resolve probabilistic load flow. This was performed by modelling the loads and the photovoltaic (PV) distributed generation as random variables. For this purpose, the authors developed a new probabilistic model that took into account the random nature of solar irradiance and load. The results obtained demonstrate that this new analytical technique can be applied to keep voltages within standard limits at all load nodes of radial distribution networks with photovoltaic-distributed generation. A computational cost reduction has demonstrated that the analytical technique used in this study performed better than the Monte Carlo method. Acceptable solutions were reached with a smaller number of iterations. Convergence was thus rapidly attained with a lower computational cost than that needed with the Monte Carlo method.

Probabilistic load flow for radial distribution networks with photovoltaic generators

Photovoltaic (PV) systems are gradually replacing conventional synchronous generators. However, reduced system inertia and lack of dynamic grid support from PV are the main issues that could have a detrimental impact on the transient response in power systems when critical contingencies arise. In this study, the authors modelled and analysed transient and small-signal stability for a representative transmission system with realistic loading scenarios and high PV penetration levels. First, system eigenvalues were calculated to identify critical modes. Thereafter, the results of the small-signal analysis were further expanded by performing transient simulations after critical contingencies. Such contingencies detrimentally excited the critical modes of the system. To carry out this analysis, they implemented a positive-sequence dynamic model of a utility-scale PV unit (USPVU) in the open programming environment MATLAB/Simulink. This dynamic model is based on a Western Electricity Coordinating Council (WECC) generic model (full converter model), which is suitable for electromechanical transient studies. Also included was the model of the PV array, dc-dc converter, and associated control systems. The most critical factors pertaining to the detrimental or beneficial impact of USPVUs on stability were the unit commitment and dispatch strategy and the protection/control strategy during voltage swell and dip events for equivalent PV penetration and loading scenarios.

Stability assessment for transmission systems with large utility-scale photovoltaic units

Optimal allocation and sizing for profitability and voltage enhancement of PV systems on feeders

This research presents a model of a utility-scale photovoltaic unit (USPVU) enhanced with an embedded hybrid energy storage system (HESS), suitable for stability studies in transmission systems. The main goal of this model is the simultaneous provision of primary frequency control and dynamic grid support. The primary frequency control includes both droop response (achieved by the frequency sensitive mode [FSM] operation) and inertial response (IR). To obtain these grid support functions, the research designed a suitable voltage and frequency (V–f) control, which coordinates the photovoltaic (PV) maximum power point tracking control, HESS converter control, and PV inverter control. Firstly, a midterm assessment of energy requirements in the sized HESS, based on frequency data, validated the energy availability of the enhanced USPVU for primary frequency control, according to new prequalification rules for energy-constrained units. Then, transient stability assessments were performed on a representative transmission system to check the performance of the added FSM and IR in USPVUs with dynamic grid support. The results of the frequency phenomena in the IEEE 39-bus system showed that the enhanced USPVU shared primary frequency control responsibilities with the conventional generation. This was achieved with two criteria to dispatch and commit conventional units by USPVUs.

https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/iet-rpg.2016.0714

Jesus C. Hernández

Papers

Probabilistic load flow for photovoltaic distributed generation using the Cornish–Fisher expansion

Probabilistic load flow for radial distribution networks with photovoltaic generators

Stability assessment for transmission systems with large utility-scale photovoltaic units

Optimal allocation and sizing for profitability and voltage enhancement of PV systems on feeders

Enhanced utility-scale photovoltaic units with frequency support functions and dynamic grid support for transmission systems