This paper provides a third update to the review of reversible deactivation radical polymerization (RDRP) achieved with thiocarbonylthio compounds (ZC(=S)SR) by a mechanism of reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) that was published in June 2005 (Aust. J. Chem. 2005, 58, 379). The first update was published in November 2006 (Aust. J. Chem. 2006, 59, 669) and the second in December 2009 (Aust. J. Chem. 2009, 62, 1402). This review cites over 700 publications that appeared during the period mid 2009 to early 2012 covering various aspects of RAFT polymerization which include reagent synthesis and properties, kinetics and mechanism of polymerization, novel polymer syntheses, and a diverse range of applications. This period has witnessed further significant developments, particularly in the areas of novel RAFT agents, techniques for end-group transformation, the production of micro/nanoparticles and modified surfaces, and biopolymer conjugates both for therapeutic and diagnostic applications.

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Living Radical Polymerization by the RAFT Process - A Second Update

Polyurethanes (PUs) are a class of versatile materials with great potential for use in different applications, especially based on their structure–property relationships. Their specific mechanical, physical, biological, and chemical properties are attracting significant research attention to tailoring PUs for use in different applications. Enhancement of the properties and performance of PU-based materials may be achieved through changes to the production process or the raw materials used in their fabrication or via the use of advanced characterization techniques. Clearly, modification of the raw materials and production process through proper methods can produce PUs that are suitable for varied specific applications. The present study aims to shed light on the chemistry, types, and synthesis of different kinds of PUs. Some of the important research studies relating to PUs, including their synthesis method, characterization techniques, and research findings, are comprehensively discussed. Herein, recent advances in new types of PUs and their synthesis for various applications are also presented. Furthermore, information is provided on the environmental friendliness of the PUs, with a specific emphasis on their recyclability and recoverability.

https://ir.unikl.edu.my/jspui/bitstream/123456789/15237/1/Polyurethane%20types%2c%20synthesis%20and%20applications%20%e2%80%93%20a%20review.pdf

Polyurethane types, synthesis and applications – a review

The irruption of polymers from renewable resources on the scene of macromolecular science and technology

Oils, and Polysaccharides Alessandro Gandini,*,†,‡ Talita M. Lacerda,†,‡ Antonio J. F. Carvalho,‡ and Eliane Trovatti†,‡ †Saõ Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of Saõ Paulo, Avenida Trabalhador Saõ-carlense 400, CEP 13566-590, Saõ Carlos, Saõ Paulo, Brazil ‡Department of Materials Engineering, Saõ Carlos School of Engineering, University of Saõ Paulo, Avenida Joaõ Dagnone 1100, CEP 13563-120, Saõ Carlos, Saõ Paulo, Brazil

Progress of Polymers from Renewable Resources: Furans, Vegetable Oils, and Polysaccharides

From monomers to polymers from renewable resources: Recent advances

https://www.rsc.org/suppdata/py/c4/c4py00514g/c4py00514g1.pdf

Advanced materials from corn: isosorbide-based epoxy resins

Biopolymers from Vegetable Oils via Catalyst- and Solvent-Free "Click" Chemistry: Effects of Cross-Linking Density

We have developed a new strategy to prepare multiblock polymers and copolymers via one- or two-step polymerization using a polymerizable cyclic trithiocarbonate (CTTC), 4,7-diphenyl-[1,3]dithiepane-2-thione. CTTC undergoes ring-opening process to incorporate a trithiocarbonate moiety. The trithiocarbonate moiety in turn, functions as a reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) agent. Through this mechanism, multiblock polystyrenes and polystyrene-block- poly(butyl acrylate) copolymers containing various narrow polydispersity blocks can be prepared.

Synthesis of Multiblock Polymer Containing Narrow Polydispersity Blocks

The cyclic trithiocarbonate 1,5-dihydrobenzo[e][1,3]diehiepine-3-thione was synthesized by two different methods:  dialkylation of trithiocarbonate anion with alkyl halides in a two-phase system using an onium salt as a phase-transfer agent and reaction between carbon disulfide and alkyl halides using a commercially available hydroxide form of an anion-exchange resin. Styrene polymerization was carried out in the presence of cyclic trithiocarbonate. The molecular weights of polymers before and after treatment with diamine were quite different, and they increased linearly with the polymerization time, while the molecular weight distribution of all polymers obtained with the cyclic trithiocarbonate were broad as compared with the current RAFT agent. It is proposed that polystyrenes prepared in the presence of the cyclic trithiocarbonate have multiblock structure with more than one trithiocarbonate function per chain, and the cyclic trithiocarbonate functions rather than comonomer since it keeps the merit of...

Styrene Polymerization in the Presence of Cyclic Trithiocarbonate

The composition of crude algal oil was analyzed and determined by several methods. Oil was converted to polyols by ozonolysis, epoxidation, and hydroformylation. Ozonolysis gave a polyol with lighter color but a low OH number and was unsuitable for polyurethane applications. Epoxidation also improved the color and gave a polyol with an OH number around 150 mg KOH/g, which with diphenylmethane diisocyanate gave a homogeneous, rubbery, transparent sheet. Desirable rigid foams were prepared with the addition of water to the formulation. Hydroformylation was carried out successfully giving an OH number of about 150 mg KOH/g, but the polyol was black. Casting the polyurethane sheet was difficult due to the very high reactivity of the polyol. Polyurethane foam of lower quality than from epoxidation polyol was obtained. More work on optimization of the foaming system would improve the foam. Crude algal oil is a viable starting material for the production of polyols. Better results would be obtained from refined algal oils.

Jian Hong

Papers

Advanced materials from corn: isosorbide-based epoxy resins

Biopolymers from Vegetable Oils via Catalyst- and Solvent-Free "Click" Chemistry: Effects of Cross-Linking Density

Synthesis of Multiblock Polymer Containing Narrow Polydispersity Blocks

Styrene Polymerization in the Presence of Cyclic Trithiocarbonate

Polyols and Polyurethanes from Crude Algal Oil