Assay for lipid peroxides in animal tissues by thiobarbituric acid reaction

Environmental fate and toxicity of ionic liquids: a review.

Ionic liquids are remarkable chemical compounds, which find applications in many areas of modern science. Because of their highly tunable nature and exceptional properties, ionic liquids have become essential players in the fields of synthesis and catalysis, extraction, electrochemistry, analytics, biotechnology, etc. Apart from physical and chemical features of ionic liquids, their high biological activity has been attracting significant attention from biochemists, ecologists, and medical scientists. This Review is dedicated to biological activities of ionic liquids, with a special emphasis on their potential employment in pharmaceutics and medicine. The accumulated data on the biological activity of ionic liquids, including their antimicrobial and cytotoxic properties, are discussed in view of possible applications in drug synthesis and drug delivery systems. Dedicated attention is given to a novel active pharmaceutical ingredient-ionic liquid (API-IL) concept, which suggests using traditional drugs in ...

Biological Activity of Ionic Liquids and Their Application in Pharmaceutics and Medicine.

Sustainable solvents are a topic of growing interest in both the research community and the chemical industry due to a growing awareness of the impact of solvents on pollution, energy usage, and contributions to air quality and climate change. Solvent losses represent a major portion of organic pollution, and solvent removal represents a large proportion of process energy consumption. To counter these issues, a range of greener or more sustainable solvents have been proposed and developed over the past three decades. Much of the focus has been on the environmental credentials of the solvent itself, although how a substance is deployed is as important to sustainability as what it is made from. In this Review, we consider several aspects of the most prominent sustainable organic solvents in use today, ionic liquids, deep eutectic solvents, supercritical fluids, switchable solvents, liquid polymers, and renewable solvents. We examine not only the performance of each class of solvent within the context of the...

Green and Sustainable Solvents in Chemical Processes

Ionic liquids were initially proposed as replacements for conventional organic solvents; however, their chemistry has developed remarkably and offers unexpected opportunities in numerous fields, ranging from electrochemistry to biology As a consequence of ionic liquids advancing towards potential and actual applications, a comprehensive determination of their environmental, health and safety impact is now required This critical review aims to present an overview of the current understanding of the toxicity and environmental impact of the principal ionic liquid groups, and highlights some emerging concerns Each cation type is considered separately, examining the significance of the biological data, and identifying the most critical questions, some yet unresolved The need for more, and more detailed, studies is highlighted (176 references)

/pdf/ionic-liquids-a-pathway-to-environmental-acceptability-50o6t72c9t.pdf

Ionic Liquids: A Pathway to Environmental Acceptability

Although many studies describe ionic liquids (ILs) as potentially greener solvents, few studies address their relationship with the environment. Recent researches suggest that some ILs have toxicity. 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([C4mim][BF4]) was reported to have the lowest toxicity among ILs. In this work, we studied the toxicity of this IL on wheat seedlings. It was shown that wheat germination was reduced to 38.0% in the presence of 4.4 mmol/L [C4mim][BF4] compared with 100% germination for the control. Similarly, the root and shoot length of wheat seedlings decreased with increasing concentrations of [C4mim][BF4]. The activity of amylase increased in shoots and roots, but it decreased significantly in germinating seeds when the [C4mim][BF4] concentration exceeded 1.8 mmol/L. Peroxidase (POD) activity and soluble protein content in shoots treated with [C4mim][BF4] changed similarly, but chlorophyll content tended to decrease with increasing concentration of [C4mim][BF4], except for at 1.8 mmol/L. Thus, [C4mim][BF4] at the concentration of 0.9 mmol/L or more was toxic to wheat seedlings. Some remedial measures are suggested to deal with IL pollution in the environment. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol, 2009.

Effect of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate on the wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings.

Effects of the 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide ionic liquids on the antioxidant defense system of Daphnia magna.

Acute effects of 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide ionic liquid on the antioxidant enzyme system of mouse liver.

Acute toxicity and effects of 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide ionic liquids on green algae

Ionic liquids have gained more attention due to their excellent properties in many different scientific fields. However, previous researches indicated that ionic liquids have adverse effects on organisms. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide ([C8mim]Br) on the aquatic plant duckweed (Lemna minor) by exposure of the plant to 0.25 to 2 mg L−1 of [C8mim]Br for 28 days. Exposure to [C8mim]Br significantly decreased the photosynthetic pigment contents at 21 and 28 days. The activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase and the total antioxidant capacity level increased at 7 days of exposure and decreased at the termination of exposure. In contrast, the H2O2 content and peroxidase activity in all treatments increased during the period of exposure. Furthermore, marked increase of malondialdehyde content occurred in duckweed after 21 to 28 days of exposure. In addition, reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger dimethyl thiourea prevents duckweed from oxidative damage caused by [C8mim]Br. These results suggest that ROS might be involved in the mechanism of ionic liquid-induced toxicity in L. minor.

Jian-Ji Wang

Papers

Effect of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate on the wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings.

Effects of the 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide ionic liquids on the antioxidant defense system of Daphnia magna.

Acute effects of 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide ionic liquid on the antioxidant enzyme system of mouse liver.

Acute toxicity and effects of 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide ionic liquids on green algae

Effects of 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide on the antioxidant system of Lemna minor.