There is, I think, something ethereal about i —the square root of minus one. I remember first hearing about it at school. It seemed an odd beast at that time—an intruder hovering on the edge of reality.

Usually familiarity dulls this sense of the bizarre, but in the case of i it was the reverse: over the years the sense of its surreal nature intensified. It seemed that it was impossible to write mathematics that described the real world in …

I and i

BIOE 402. Medical Technology Assessment. 2 or 3 hours. Bioentrepreneur course. Assessment of medical technology in the context of commercialization. Objectives, competition, market share, funding, pricing, manufacturing, growth, and intellectual property; many issues unique to biomedical products. Course Information: 2 undergraduate hours. 3 graduate hours. Prerequisite(s): Junior standing or above and consent of the instructor.

“Bioinformatics” 특집을 내면서

TiO 2 photocatalysis is widely used in a variety of applications and products in the environmental and energy fields, including self-cleaning surfaces, air and water purification systems, sterilization, hydrogen evolution, and photoelectrochemical conversion. The development of new materials, however, is strongly required to provide enhanced performances with respect to the photocatalytic properties and to find new uses for TiO 2 photocatalysis. In this review, recent developments in the area of TiO 2 photocatalysis research, in terms of new materials from a structural design perspective, have been summarized. The dimensionality associated with the structure of a TiO 2 material can affect its properties and functions, including its photocatalytic performance, and also more specifically its surface area, adsorption, reflectance, adhesion, and carrier transportation properties. We provide a brief introduction to the current situation in TiO 2 photocatalysis, and describe structurally controlled TiO 2 photocatalysts which can be classified into zero-, one-, two-, and three-dimensional structures. Furthermore, novel applications of TiO 2 surfaces for the fabrication of wettability patterns and for printing are discussed.

TiO2 photocatalysis: Design and applications

We describe the landscape of somatic genomic alterations based on multidimensional and comprehensive characterization of more than 500 glioblastoma tumors (GBMs). We identify several novel mutated genes as well as complex rearrangements of signature receptors, including EGFR and PDGFRA. TERT promoter mutations are shown to correlate with elevated mRNA expression, supporting a role in telomerase reactivation. Correlative analyses confirm that the survival advantage of the proneural subtype is conferred by the G-CIMP phenotype, and MGMT DNA methylation may be a predictive biomarker for treatment response only in classical subtype GBM. Integrative analysis of genomic and proteomic profiles challenges the notion of therapeutic inhibition of a pathway as an alternative to inhibition of the target itself. These data will facilitate the discovery of therapeutic and diagnostic target candidates, the validation of research and clinical observations and the generation of unanticipated hypotheses that can advance our molecular understanding of this lethal cancer.

The somatic genomic landscape of glioblastoma

Molecular self-assembly is the spontaneous association of molecules under equilibrium conditions into stable, structurally well-defined aggregates joined by noncovalent bonds. Molecular self-assembly is ubiquitous in biological systems and underlies the formation of a wide variety of complex biological structures. Understanding self-assembly and the associated noncovalent interactions that connect complementary interacting molecular surfaces in biological aggregates is a central concern in structural biochemistry. Self-assembly is also emerging as a new strategy in chemical synthesis, with the potential of generating nonbiological structures with dimensions of 1 to 10(2) nanometers (with molecular weights of 10(4) to 10(10) daltons). Structures in the upper part of this range of sizes are presently inaccessible through chemical synthesis, and the ability to prepare them would open a route to structures comparable in size (and perhaps complementary in function) to those that can be prepared by microlithography and other techniques of microfabrication.

Molecular self-assembly and nanochemistry: A chemical strategy for the synthesis of nanostructures

One of the most fundamental questions in biology is what types of cells form different tissues and organs in a functionally coordinated fashion. Larger-scale single-cell sequencing and biology experiment studies are now rapidly opening up new ways to track this question by revealing substantial cell markers for distinguishing different cell types in tissues. Here, we developed the CellMarker database (http://biocc.hrbmu.edu.cn/CellMarker/ or http://bio-bigdata.hrbmu.edu.cn/CellMarker/), aiming to provide a comprehensive and accurate resource of cell markers for various cell types in tissues of human and mouse. By manually curating over 100 000 published papers, 4124 entries including the cell marker information, tissue type, cell type, cancer information and source, were recorded. At last, 13 605 cell markers of 467 cell types in 158 human tissues/sub-tissues and 9148 cell makers of 389 cell types in 81 mouse tissues/sub-tissues were collected and deposited in CellMarker. CellMarker provides a user-friendly interface for browsing, searching and downloading markers of diverse cell types of different tissues. Furthermore, a summarized marker prevalence in each cell type is graphically and intuitively presented through a vivid statistical graph. We believe that CellMarker is a comprehensive and valuable resource for cell researches in precisely identifying and characterizing cells, especially at the single-cell level.

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CellMarker: a manually curated resource of cell markers in human and mouse.

Titanium Dioxide Nanomaterials for Sensor Applications

The principal impetus for the fabrication of functional nanotube materials comes from the promise of discovering unique structure-dependant properties and superior performance that are derived from their intrinsic nanotubular architecture. 1D TiO2 nanotube arrays prepared by the electrochemical anodization of self-organized porous structures on Ti foil have attracted great research interest in recent years owing to their peculiar architecture, remarkable properties, and potential for wide-ranging applications. Uniform TiO2 nanotubes are quite remarkably different in structure from other forms of TiO2, and are highly ordered, high-aspect-ratio structures with nanocrystalline walls perpendicular to electrically conductive Ti substrates, thereby naturally forming a Schottky-type contact. Moreover, these structures can be directly used as electrodes for photoelectric applications since the size of the nanotubes is very precisely controllable. The technological applications of TiO2 nanotube arrays are still at an early stage, but these remarkable structures have already been shown to be very promising for applications in sensing, catalysis, photovoltaics, photoelectrolysis, and nanotemplating. The electrical resistance of the TiO2 nanotubes changes by almost 7 orders of magnitude upon exposure to 1000 ppm H2, [13] the largest ever reported sensitivity of a material to a gas. Furthermore, the H2 evolution rate of TiO2 nanotube arrays has been reported to be 76 mL hw , which is the highest reported H2 generation rate for any oxide system upon photoelectrolysis. TiO2 nanotube arrays have also attracted great interest for enhancing the photocatalytic degradation of various organics, which makes them promising materials for the detection of pollutants. Given the increasing quantities of pollutants that are being dumped into water bodies, environmental monitoring and control have become issues of global concern. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) is one of the most widely used metrics in the field of water-quality analysis in many countries, and is frequently used as an important index for controlling the operation of wastewater treatment plants, wastewater effluent monitoring, and taxation of wastewater pollution. Up till now, several methods have been developed for the determination of accurate COD values, but the development of a rapid, accurate, and environmentally friendly method still remains a formidable challenge. The standard method for COD determination, the K2Cr2O7 method, requires reflux over a long period of time to achieve adequate oxidation and also results in the consumption of several expensive (Ag2SO4), corrosive (H2SO4), and toxic (Hg , Cr2O7 ) chemicals. In an attempt to shorten the time required for analysis, modified K2Cr2O7 methods have been developed based on microwaveor ultrasound-assisted oxidation. Other alternative assays have also been developed such as electrocatalytic determination using PbO2 or Cu sensors in thin-cell reactors, and photocatalytic and photoelectrocatalytic methods based on TiO2 nanomaterial sensors. [18,19] However, all these modified K2Cr2O7 methods are still plagued by the secondary pollution caused by highly toxic Cr(VI) ions, and moreover, the PbO2 sensors pose the risk of the potential release of hazardous Pb during the preparation and disposal of the active material of the sensors. As compared to traditional analytical methods, photoelectrocatalytic approaches are more promising because of the superior oxidative abilities of illuminated TiO2. Furthermore, TiO2 nanomaterials are typically non-toxic, inexpensive, photostable, and environmentally benign. The main drawback of TiO2-based methods in practical applications is the easy recombination of the photogenerated electron/hole pairs in discrete TiO2 nanoparticles and coated nanofilms, which results in low photocatalytic activity. For the determination of COD, this implies a narrow dynamic working range and relatively poor reproducibility. To tackle these problems, here we have combined TiO2 nanotube array sensors that exhibit structure-dependant enhanced photoelectrocatalytic activity with thin-cell reactors that have the advantage of small volume and rapid diffusion rate. A photoelectrocatalytic assay has been developed using these two components to establish a rapid, accurate, and environmentally friendly method for COD determination. The preparation, characterization, and photoelectrocatalytic properties of the TiO2 nanotube array sensors and their application in COD determination are described in detail below. C O M M U N IC A TI O N

Self‐Organized TiO2 Nanotube Array Sensor for the Determination of Chemical Oxygen Demand

The methylation of N6 adenosine (m6A) plays a critical role in diverse biological processes. However, knowledge regarding the reconstitution of m6A across cancer types is still lacking. Here, we systematically analyzed the molecular alterations and clinical relevance of m6A regulators across > 10,000 subjects representing 33 cancer types. We found that there are widespread genetic alterations to m6A regulators, and that their expression levels are significantly correlated with the activity of cancer hallmark-related pathways. Moreover, m6A regulators were found to be potentially useful for prognostic stratification, and we identified IGF2BP3 as a potential oncogene across multiple cancer types. Our results provide a valuable resource that will guide both mechanistic and therapeutic analyses of the role of m6A regulators in cancer.

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Molecular characterization and clinical relevance of m6A regulators across 33 cancer types.

Characterisation of fibronectin-mediated FAK signalling pathways in lung cancer cell migration and invasion

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Jing Bai

Papers

CellMarker: a manually curated resource of cell markers in human and mouse.

Titanium Dioxide Nanomaterials for Sensor Applications

Self‐Organized TiO2 Nanotube Array Sensor for the Determination of Chemical Oxygen Demand

Molecular characterization and clinical relevance of m6A regulators across 33 cancer types.

Characterisation of fibronectin-mediated FAK signalling pathways in lung cancer cell migration and invasion