Environmental restrictions and economic benefits have obliged countries to promote recycling processes from secondary resources like spent lithium ion batteries (LIBs) instead of using primary ones. In spite of the developments have been made on industrial scale for the technologies involved in recycling processes, most of these technologies suffer from lack of efficiency and echo-friendliness. To reduce the footprints of the recycling processes, several efforts are made. A major development area is the use of organic acids which are considered as promising agents for leaching of valuable metals from spent LIBs. In this review paper, we provided an overview of the recent status of the recycling technologies of spent LIBs using organic acids. For this purpose, necessity of green processes and advantage of organic acids in recycling of spent LIBs is discussed. To fully understand the effect of these agents, production, origin, application, and structure of organic acids that have been used in recovery of metals from spent LIBs are also addressed. Afterwards, recycling processes using organic acids, and benefits and drawbacks of using them are summarized and possible complexes formed by these agents are proposed. Eventually, development of different reducing agents, ultrasonic agitation, and evolution and future prospect of green processes in recycling of spent LIBs is reviewed.

Recovery of lithium and cobalt from spent lithium ion batteries (LIBs) using organic acids as leaching reagents: A review

Environmental impact of spent lithium ion batteries and green recycling perspectives by organic acids – A review

Activation mechanism of ammonium ions on sulfidation of malachite (–201) surface by DFT study

In this study, an attractive organic complexation reaction reagent with copper ions was developed for copper leaching from copper oxide ores. The possible chemical reactions of 5-sulfosalicylic acid (5-SSA) in the malachite aqueous solution were determined. Moreover, the influences of various factors, such as time, stirring speed, temperature, reagent concentration and particle size, on the leaching of copper oxide ore were investigated to establish the reaction kinetics. Results show that 5-SSA not only provided an acidic medium but also served as a complexation reaction reagent with copper ions in the solution; thus, 5-SSA exhibited a novel leaching effect on copper oxide ores. The influence of temperature, reagent concentration and ore particle size on the leaching rate of copper was significant. The reaction kinetic equation associated with these major factors was constructed as 1−(1− x ) −1/3 =[0.0021 ( C ) 0.638 ( P ) 0.765 exp(−5103 T )] t , with the reaction activation energy of 42.43 kJ/mol. At the same time, the stirring speed exhibited nearly no effect on the leaching rate of copper, and the dissolution process was controlled by chemical reaction. 5-SSA is therefore a new attractive reagent for copper extraction and can be extended to the metal recovery of other metal oxide ores.

Leaching of malachite using 5-sulfosalicylic acid

Effective separation and recovery of valuable metals from waste Ni-based batteries: A comprehensive review

Extracting Copper by Lactic Acid from Copper Oxide Ore and Dissolution Kinetics

Dissolution Kinetics of Malachite as an Alternative Copper Source with an Organic Leach Reagent

Use of sodium sulfosalicylate as an activator in hemimorphite sulfidation xanthate flotation

Surface modification of hemimorphite by using ammonium carbamate and its response to flotation

Sodium sulfosalicylate activation mechanism on sulfidation flotation of smithsonite using dodecylamine as a collector

Jing Yang

Papers

Extracting Copper by Lactic Acid from Copper Oxide Ore and Dissolution Kinetics

Dissolution Kinetics of Malachite as an Alternative Copper Source with an Organic Leach Reagent

Use of sodium sulfosalicylate as an activator in hemimorphite sulfidation xanthate flotation

Surface modification of hemimorphite by using ammonium carbamate and its response to flotation

Sodium sulfosalicylate activation mechanism on sulfidation flotation of smithsonite using dodecylamine as a collector