Superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) is known to be a very good energy storage device. This article provides an overview and potential applications of the SMES technology in electrical power and energy systems. SMES is categorized into three main groups depending on its power conditioning system, namely, the thyristor-based SMES, voltage-source- converter-based SMES, and current-source-converter-based SMES. An extensive bibliography is presented on the applications of these three types of SMES. Also, a comparison is made among these three types of SMES. This study provides a basic guideline to investigate further technological development and new applications of SMES, and thus benefits the readers, researchers, engineers, and academicians who deal with the research works in the area of SMES.

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An Overview of SMES Applications in Power and Energy Systems

Energy storages introduce many advantages such as balancing generation and demand, power quality improvement, smoothing the renewable resource’s intermittency, and enabling ancillary services like frequency and voltage regulation in microgrid (MG) operation. Hybrid energy storage systems (HESSs) characterized by coupling of two or more energy storage technologies are emerged as a solution to achieve the desired performance by combining the appropriate features of different technologies. A single ESS technology cannot fulfill the desired operation due to its limited capability and potency in terms of lifespan, cost, energy and power density, and dynamic response. Hence, different configurations of HESSs considering storage type, interface, control method, and the provided service have been proposed in the literature. This paper comprehensively reviews the state of the art of HESSs system for MG applications and presents a general outlook of developing HESS industry. Important aspects of HESS utilization in MGs including capacity sizing methods, power converter topologies for HESS interface, architecture, controlling, and energy management of HESS in MGs are reviewed and classified. An economic analysis along with design methodology is also included to point out the HESS from investor and distribution systems engineers view. Regarding literature review and available shortcomings, future trends of HESS in MGs are proposed.

Hybrid energy storage system for microgrids applications: A review

Renewable Energy Sources have been growing rapidly over the last few years. The spreading of renewables has become stronger due to the increased air pollution, which is largely believed to be irreversible for the environment. On the other hand, the penetration of renewable energy technologies causes major problems to the stability of the grid. Along with the fluctuations of the renewable energy technologies production, storage is important for power and voltage smoothing. Energy storage is also important for energy management, frequency regulation, peak shaving, load leveling, seasonal storage and standby generation during a fault. Thus, storage technologies have gained an increased attention and have become more than a necessity nowadays. This paper presents an up to date comprehensive overview of energy storage technologies. It incorporates characteristics and functionalities of each storage technology, as well as their advantages and disadvantages compared with other storage technologies. Comparison tables with several characteristics of each storage method are included, while different applications of energy storage technologies are described as well. Finally, several hybrid energy storage applications are analyzed and different combinations of energy storage technologies are reviewed.

Energy storage for electricity generation and related processes: Technologies appraisal and grid scale applications

The idea of Hybrid Energy Storage System (HESS) lies on the fact that heterogeneous Energy Storage System (ESS) technologies have complementary characteristics in terms of power and energy density, life cycle, response rate, and so on. In other words, high power ESS devices possess fast response rate while in the contrary, high energy ESS devices possess slow response rate. Therefore, it may be beneficial to hybridize ESS technologies in the way that synergize functional advantages of two heterogeneous existing ESS technologies As a consequence, this hybridization provides excellent characteristics not offered by a single ESS unit. This new technology has been proposed and investigated by several researchers in the literature particularly in the fields of renewable energy and electrified transport sector. In this context and according to an extensive literature survey, this paper is to review the concept of the HESS, hybridization principles and proposed topologies, power electronics interface architectures, control and energy management strategies, and application arenas.

Emergence of hybrid energy storage systems in renewable energy and transport applications – A review

Power allocation is a major concern in hybrid energy storage system. This paper proposes an extended droop control (EDC) strategy to achieve dynamic current sharing autonomously during sudden load change and resource variations. The proposed method consists of a virtual resistance droop controller and a virtual capacitance droop controller for energy storages with complementary characteristics, such as battery and supercapacitor (SC). By using this method, battery provides consistent power and SC only compensates high-frequency fluctuations without the involvement of conventionally used centralized controllers. To implement the proposed EDC method, a detailed design procedure is proposed to achieve the control objectives of stable operation, voltage regulation, and dynamic current sharing. System dynamic model and relevant impedances are derived and detailed frequency domain analysis is performed. Moreover, the system level stability analysis is investigated and system expansion with the proposed method is illustrated. Both simulations and experiments are conducted to validate the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy and analytical results.

A Decentralized Dynamic Power Sharing Strategy for Hybrid Energy Storage System in Autonomous DC Microgrid

Energy storage (ES) has become increasingly important in modern power system, whereas no single type of ES element can satisfy all diverse demands simultaneously. This study proposes a hybrid energy storage system (HESS) based on superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) and battery because of their complementary characteristics for the grid integration of wind power generations (WPG). This study investigates the mathematical model and the topology of the proposed HESS, which is equipped with a grid-side DC/AC converter, a battery buck/boost converter and a SMES DC chopper. The advanced control strategies comprised of device level and system level are designed. The control strategy for the converters which can be considered as device level is briefly discussed. The significant contribution of this study is proposing a novel system-level control strategy for reasonable and effective power allocation between SMES and battery. According to the control objectives, a fuzzy logic controller optimised with genetic algorithm is adopted. The detailed controller designs are described, meanwhile system stability and HESS operation performance are evaluated. MATLAB simulations are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed strategies.

https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/iet-rpg.2013.0340

Design and advanced control strategies of a hybrid energy storage system for the grid integration of wind power generations

This paper proposes a Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) based excitation system for doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) used in wind power generation. The excitation system is composed of the rotor-side converter, the grid-side converter, the dc chopper and the superconducting magnet. The superconducting magnet is connected with the dc side of the two converters, which can handle the active power transfer with the rotor of DFIG and the power grid independently. Utilizing the characteristic of high efficient energy storage and quick response of superconducting magnet, the system can be utilized to level the wind power fluctuation, alleviate the influence on power quality, and improve fault ride-through capability for the grid-connected wind farms. According to the system control objective, the system can contribute to the stability and reliability of the wind power grid-connected system. Using MATLAB SIMULINK, the model of the SMES based excitation system for DFIG is established, and the simulation tests are performed to evaluate the system performance.

SMES Based Excitation System for Doubly-Fed Induction Generator in Wind Power Application

This paper presents a superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) based dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) to protect consumers from the grid voltage fluctuations. Due to the characteristic of high energy density and quick response, a superconducting magnet is selected as the energy storage unit to improve the compensation capability of DVR. This paper analyses the operation principle of the SMES based DVR, and designs the DVR output voltage control method. The control system mainly consists of two parts, the PWM converter controller and the DC/DC chopper controller. The PWM converter controller adopts double-loop control strategy, with an inner current regulator and an outer voltage controller. Combining the coordinated control of DC/DC chopper, the DVR can regulate output voltage accurately and quickly to compensate the system voltage fluctuations. Using MATLAB SIMULINK, the models of the SMES based DVR is established, and the simulation tests are performed to evaluate the system performance.

SMES Based Dynamic Voltage Restorer for Voltage Fluctuations Compensation

In a superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES), the power conditioning system (PCS) is the key component of controlling power transfer between the superconducting coil and the AC power system. The dynamics of PCS directly influences the validity of SMES in dynamic regulation of power system. This paper presents a discretization-based decoupled state-feedback control for current source PCS of SMES. The control method is deduced from the switching function model of current source PCS, which is independent of the system operating point. Adopting the discretization method, the design of decoupled state-feedback control system is simple and straight. The proposed control method has good dynamics that can respond to the system power demand quickly and accurately. Moreover, the proposed control method has good robust characteristic and applicability to improve the performance of PCS. MATLAB simulation is performed to evaluate the performance of the proposed control method.

Discretization-Based Decoupled State-Feedback Control for Current Source Power Conditioning System of SMES

A 600-V/150-kJ/100-kW conduction-cooled high-temperature superconducting (HTS) magnetic energy storage (SMES) system is developed. In this paper, the configuration of the HTS SMES is introduced. The magnet is a solenoid type, which uses two kinds of HTS tapes, and cooled to about 20 K. A series of laboratory experiments and field tests are carried out to evaluate the performance of the SMES system, including the current-carrying ability of a magnet, the active and reactive power exchange capability between the SMES and an alternating-current power system, power oscillation damping, the improving electrical energy quality, etc. The results show that the SMES system meets the design requirements and can maintain a long-term stable operation in a power system.

Jingdong Li

Papers

Design and advanced control strategies of a hybrid energy storage system for the grid integration of wind power generations

SMES Based Excitation System for Doubly-Fed Induction Generator in Wind Power Application

SMES Based Dynamic Voltage Restorer for Voltage Fluctuations Compensation

Discretization-Based Decoupled State-Feedback Control for Current Source Power Conditioning System of SMES

Development of a Movable HTS SMES System