抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

Preface to the Princeton Landmarks in Biology Edition vii Preface xi Symbols Used xiii 1. The Importance of Islands 3 2. Area and Number of Speicies 8 3. Further Explanations of the Area-Diversity Pattern 19 4. The Strategy of Colonization 68 5. Invasibility and the Variable Niche 94 6. Stepping Stones and Biotic Exchange 123 7. Evolutionary Changes Following Colonization 145 8. Prospect 181 Glossary 185 References 193 Index 201

The Theory of Island Biogeography

Land use has generally been considered a local environmental issue, but it is becoming a force of global importance. Worldwide changes to forests, farmlands, waterways, and air are being driven by the need to provide food, fiber, water, and shelter to more than six billion people. Global croplands, pastures, plantations, and urban areas have expanded in recent decades, accompanied by large increases in energy, water, and fertilizer consumption, along with considerable losses of biodiversity. Such changes in land use have enabled humans to appropriate an increasing share of the planet’s resources, but they also potentially undermine the capacity of ecosystems to sustain food production, maintain freshwater and forest resources, regulate climate and air quality, and ameliorate infectious diseases. We face the challenge of managing trade-offs between immediate human needs and maintaining the capacity of the biosphere to provide goods and services in the long term.

/pdf/global-consequences-of-land-use-map7a6ziel.pdf

Global Consequences of Land Use

世界経済・社会統計 = World development indicators

Soil Chemical Analysis

Summary The chloroplast translocons TOC75 and TIC236 are homologs of the bacterial translocation and assembly module (Tam) A and TamB involved in protein export. Here, we unveil a TIC236-allied component, the chloroplast outer membrane protein CRUMPLED LEAF (CRL), absence of which impairs plastid division and induces autoimmune responses in Arabidopsis thaliana. A forward genetic screen aimed at finding crl suppressors revealed multiple TIC236 gain-of-function mutations (TIC236GFs). Despite the low sequence identity between TIC236 and bacterial TamB, each mutated TIC236GF residue is conserved in TamB. Consistently, a tic236- knockdown mutant exhibited multiple lesion phenotypes similar to crl, indicating a shared functionality of CRL and TIC236. Ensuing reverse genetic analyses revealed genetic interaction between CRL and SP1, a RING-type ubiquitin E3 ligase, as well as with the plastid protease FTSH11, which function in TOC and TIC protein turnover, respectively. Loss of either SP1 or FTSH11 rescued crl mutant phenotypes to varying degrees due to increased translocon levels. Consistent with impaired plastid division exhibited by both crl and tic236-knockdown mutants, CRL interacts with the transit peptides of proteins essential in plastid division, and TIC236GF mutant proteins reinforce their import via increased TIC236 stability. Overall, our data shed new light on the links between plastid division, plant stress response and plastid protein import. We have also isolated and characterized the first GF mutants exhibiting increased protein import efficiency, which may inspire chloroplast engineering for agricultural advancement.

/pdf/tic236-gain-of-function-mutations-unveil-the-link-between-2ligjhz9j8.pdf

TIC236 gain-of-function mutations unveil the link between plastid division and plastid protein import

Review on the mechanism models of allometric scaling laws: 3/4 vs. 2/3 power

Forest soil respiration (SR) has become a vital issue in global change ecology because of its critical role in global warming processes. However, SR remains the least understood component of the terrestrial carbon cycle because of its high spatial-temporal variability, inaccessibility of the soil substrate, and the high cost of measurement equipment. This study investigated the spatial and temporal variations of SR in six temperate and subtropical forest sites in eastern China. Seasonal variations of SR, the relationship between SR and soil temperature (ST) and volumetric water content (SW) were analyzed. Mean monthly SR varied seasonally and peaked in summer. SR varied temporally with ST (R2 = 0.43∼0.79) in different sites and varied spatially with latitude (R2 = 0.68). The responses of SR to the changes of SW varied across different sites and forest types. Their relationships were simulated by piecewise functions in the north three sites. The modules of ST and SW showed that ST is the dominant ...

https://bioone.org/journals/polish-journal-of-ecology/volume-63/issue-3/15052249PJE2015.63.3.007/Comparison-of-the-Variation-of-Soil-Respiration-in-Carbon-Cycle/10.3161/15052249PJE2015.63.3.007.pdf

Comparison of the Variation of Soil Respiration in Carbon Cycle in Temperate and Subtropical Forests and the Relationship with Climatic Variables

Comparison of DBP formation from the UV⁄chlorine and UV⁄H2O2 processes at equivalent removal of carbamazepine and atrazine

Atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition has been a noteworthy aspect of global change. Previous observational studies in temperate and tropical forests have focused on the effects of N deposition on tree growth. Here we asked how trees and other plant growth forms respond to experimental N deposition in a subtropical forest in China. We conducted a four-year N fertilization experiment in a subtropical evergreen forest in southeastern China with three treatment levels applied to 9 20 × 20 m plots and replicated in three blocks. We classified the plants to trees, saplings, shrubs(including tree seedlings) and ground-cover plants (ferns) according to the growth forms, then we measured the absolute and relative basal area increments of trees and saplings, and the aboveground biomass of understory shrubs and ferns. In addition, we grouped individuals of the dominant tree species Castanopsis eyrei into three size classes and analyzed their growth responses to N fertilization separately. Although the total tree growth on plot level did not show a significant response to the N fertilization, the small trees with DBH (diameter at breast height) values of 5–10 cm were hindered by N fertilization, while the growth of large trees with DBH > 10 cm showed neutral or weakly positive responses to N fertilization. Small trees, saplings and particularly understory shrubs and ground-cover ferns suppressed seriously by increasing N fertilization. The proportions of plant mortality in N-fertilized plots were higher than in unfertilized plots and most of the dead individuals were small trees, saplings, shrubs and ferns. N deposition potentially leads to increased growth of larger plant individuals at tree layer in the forest community and suppresses the growth and survival of other individuals at understory and ground-cover layers. Therefore, differences in the growth responses of different plant growth forms and individual sizes should be taken into account when evaluating the effects of N deposition on the functioning of these forest ecosystems, including their potential for carbon storage.

/pdf/contrasting-growth-responses-among-plant-growth-forms-to-gl5gkxeywn.pdf

Jingyun Fang

Papers

TIC236 gain-of-function mutations unveil the link between plastid division and plastid protein import

Review on the mechanism models of allometric scaling laws: 3/4 vs. 2/3 power

Comparison of the Variation of Soil Respiration in Carbon Cycle in Temperate and Subtropical Forests and the Relationship with Climatic Variables

Comparison of DBP formation from the UV⁄chlorine and UV⁄H2O2 processes at equivalent removal of carbamazepine and atrazine

Contrasting growth responses among plant growth forms to nitrogen fertilization in a subtropical forest in China