Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are continuously produced and eliminated by living organisms normally maintaining ROS at certain steady-state levels Under some circumstances, the balance between ROS generation and elimination is disturbed leading to enhanced ROS level called "oxidative stress" The primary goal of this review is to characterize two principal mechanisms of protection against oxidative stress - regulation of membrane permeability and antioxidant potential The ancillary goals of this work are to describe up to date knowledge on the regulation of the previously mentioned mechanisms and to identify areas of prospective research and emerging directions in investigation of adaptation to oxidative stress The ubiquity for challenges leading to oxidative stress development calls for identification of common mechanisms They are cysteine residues and [Fe,S]-clusters of specific regulatory proteins The latter mechanism is realized via SoxR bacterial protein, whereas the former mechanism is involved in operation of bacterial OxyR regulon, yeast H(2)O(2)-stimulon, plant NPR1/TGA and Rap24a systems, and animal Keap1/Nrf2, NF-κB and AP-1, and others Although hundreds of studies have been carried out in the field with different taxa, the comparative analysis of adaptive response is quite incomplete and therefore, this work aims to cover a plethora of phylogenetic groups to delineate common mechanisms In addition, this article raises some questions to be elucidated and points out future directions of this research The comparative approach is used to shed light on fundamental principles and mechanisms of regulation of antioxidant systems The idea is to provide starting points from which we can develop novel tools and hypothesis to facilitate meaningful investigations in the physiology and biochemistry of organismic response to oxidative stress

Adaptive response to oxidative stress: Bacteria, fungi, plants and animals.

Rosenroot (Rhodiola rosea): traditional use, chemical composition, pharmacology and clinical efficacy.

Neuroprotective effects of salidroside against beta-amyloid-induced oxidative stress in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells.

Protective activity of salidroside against ethanol-induced gastric ulcer via the MAPK/NF-κB pathway in vivo and in vitro

Salidroside attenuates beta amyloid-induced cognitive deficits via modulating oxidative stress and inflammatory mediators in rat hippocampus

Salidroside protects cardiomyocyte against hypoxia-induced death: A HIF-1α-activated and VEGF-mediated pathway

Background Gallium 68 (68Ga)-labeled fibroblast activation protein inhibitor (FAPI) is of great diagnostic value for intrahepatic tumors. However, cirrhosis may lead to increased 68Ga-FAPI uptake in background liver, affecting the diagnostic ability of 68Ga-FAPI. Purpose To assess the effect of cirrhosis on liver parenchyma and intrahepatic tumor uptake of 68Ga-FAPI and to compare the ability of 68Ga-FAPI and fluorine 18 (18F)-labeled fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET/CT to depict intrahepatic tumors in patients with cirrhosis. Materials and Methods In this secondary analysis of a prospective trial, patients who underwent both 68Ga-FAPI and 18F-FDG PET/CT and those who underwent only 68Ga-FAPI PET/CT between August 2020 and May 2022 were considered for inclusion in the cirrhotic or noncirrhotic group, respectively. Patients with cirrhosis were chosen via a comprehensive assessment of imaging and clinical data, and patients without cirrhosis were randomly selected. 68Ga-FAPI and 18F-FDG PET/CT data were measured by two radiologists. Between-groups and within-group data were tested with the Mann-Whitney U test and the Wilcoxon signed-rank test, respectively. Results A total of 39 patients with cirrhosis (median age, 58 years [IQR, 50-68]; 29 male; 24 intrahepatic tumors) and 48 patients without cirrhosis (median age, 59 years [IQR, 51-67]; 30 male; 23 intrahepatic tumors) were evaluated. In patients without intrahepatic tumors, the liver 68Ga-FAPI average standardized uptake value (SUVavg) was higher in the cirrhotic group than in the noncirrhotic group (median SUVavg, 1.42 [IQR, 0.55-2.85] vs 0.45 [IQR, 0.41-0.72]; P = .002). However, no difference was observed in the diagnosis of intrahepatic tumor sensitivity (98% vs 93%, respectively). When compared with 18F-FDG, the sensitivity of 68Ga-FAPI PET/CT in the detection of intrahepatic tumors in patients with cirrhosis (41% vs 98%, respectively) and maximum standardized uptake value of tumors (median SUVmax, 2.60 [IQR, 2.14-4.49] vs 6.68 [IQR, 4.65-10.08]; P < .001) were higher. Conclusion The sensitivity of 68Ga-FAPI in the diagnosis of intrahepatic tumors was not affected by cirrhosis, and diagnostic accuracy of 68Ga-FAPI was higher than that of 18F-FDG in patients with cirrhosis. © RSNA, 2023 Supplemental material is available for this article.

Jinping Zhang

Papers

Salidroside protects cardiomyocyte against hypoxia-induced death: A HIF-1α-activated and VEGF-mediated pathway

Influence of Cirrhosis on 68Ga-FAPI PET/CT in Intrahepatic Tumors.