Electric vehicles (EV), including Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV), Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV), Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV), Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle (FCEV), are becoming more commonplace in the transportation sector in recent times. As the present trend suggests, this mode of transport is likely to replace internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles in the near future. Each of the main EV components has a number of technologies that are currently in use or can become prominent in the future. EVs can cause significant impacts on the environment, power system, and other related sectors. The present power system could face huge instabilities with enough EV penetration, but with proper management and coordination, EVs can be turned into a major contributor to the successful implementation of the smart grid concept. There are possibilities of immense environmental benefits as well, as the EVs can extensively reduce the greenhouse gas emissions produced by the transportation sector. However, there are some major obstacles for EVs to overcome before totally replacing ICE vehicles. This paper is focused on reviewing all the useful data available on EV configurations, battery energy sources, electrical machines, charging techniques, optimization techniques, impacts, trends, and possible directions of future developments. Its objective is to provide an overall picture of the current EV technology and ways of future development to assist in future researches in this sector.

https://www.preprints.org/manuscript/201705.0090/v1/download

A Comprehensive Study of Key Electric Vehicle (EV) Components, Technologies, Challenges, Impacts, and Future Direction of Development

An onboard charger is responsible for charging the battery pack in a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV). In this paper, a 3.3-kW two-stage battery charger design is presented for a PHEV application. The objective of the design is to achieve high efficiency, which is critical to minimize the charger size, charging time, and the amount and cost of electricity drawn from the utility. The operation of the charger power converter configuration is provided in addition to a detailed design procedure. The mechanical packaging design and key experimental results are provided to verify the suitability of the proposed charger power architecture.

An Automotive Onboard 3.3-kW Battery Charger for PHEV Application

An on-board charger is responsible for charging the battery pack in a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV). In this paper, a 3.3kW two stage battery charger design is presented for a PHEV application. The objective of the design is to achieve high efficiency, which is critical to minimize the charger size, charging time and the amount and cost of electricity drawn from the utility. The operation of the charger power converter configuration is provided in addition to a detailed design procedure. The mechanical packaging design and key experimental results are provided to verify the suitability of the proposed charger power architecture.

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An automotive on-board 3.3 kW battery charger for PHEV application

In this paper, the efficiency and power factor performance of improved power factor correction (PFC) topologies suitable for a high density and efficient design are compared. Several topologies, including a conventional average current mode control boost PFC, an interleaved boost PFC, a back-to-back bridgeless boost PFC, and a semi-bridgeless boost PFC, are assessed through loss analysis and simulation using whole height 1 U and 2 kW class prototypes. Based on this, an optimal topology is selected for which an additional comparative analysis involving input line measure improvement control is conducted. The results of these experiments can be adapted for use in the circuit selection of high-performance converters with power factor improvement circuits.

Comparative Performance Analysis of High Density and Efficiency PFC Topologies

This paper proposes a new bridgeless single-stage half-bridge ac-dc converter for power factor correction. The proposed converter integrates the bridgeless boost rectifier with the asymmetrical pulse-width modulation half-bridge dc-dc converter. The proposed converter provides an isolated dc output voltage without using any full-bridge diode rectifier. Conduction losses are lowered by eliminating the full-bridge diode rectifier. Zero-voltage switching of the power switches reduces the switching power losses. The proposed converter gives a high efficiency, high power factor, and low cost. The effectiveness of the proposed converter is verified on a 250 W (48 V/5.2 A) experimental prototype. The proposed converter achieves a high efficiency of 93.0% and an almost unity power factor for 250 W output power at 90 Vrms line voltage.

A Bridgeless Single-Stage Half-Bridge AC/DC Converter

To achieve high-power density in power supplies, it is desirable to minimize the physical size of the energy storage capacitor. The capacitance is determined by the energy storage requirement for line outage ride-through and also the ripple current handling capability of the capacitor. Interleaving is well known as an effective method to reduce the capacitor ripple current and in cases where ripple current considerations dominate, it could reduce capacitor size. This paper presents a methodology to calculate the ripple current, both for single phase and for m interleaved phases of power factor correction converters operating with constant load or a DC-DC converter load. Experimental results from a commercial power supply yielded a small error when compared to the calculations, showing that the proposed methodology has enough accuracy to be used as a design tool.

Capacitor Ripple Current in an Interleaved PFC Converter

In order to achieve high power density in power supplies, it is desirable to minimize the physical size of the energy storage capacitor. The capacitance is determined by the energy storage requirement for line outage ride-through and also the ripple current handling capability of the capacitor. In cases where ripple current considerations dominate, interleaving is well known as an effective method to reduce the capacitor ripple current. This paper presents a methodology to calculate the ripple current, both for single phase and for m interleaved phases of power factor correction (PFC) converters operating with constant load or a DC-DC converter load. Experimental results from a commercial power supply yielded a small error when compared to the calculations, showing that the proposed methodology has enough accuracy to be used as a design tool.

Capacitor ripple current in an interleaved PFC converter

Hygro-Thermal-Mechanical Coupling Analysis for Early Shrinkage of Cast in Situ Concrete of Composite Beams: Theory and Experiment

The change of humidity and temperature field of concrete is closely related to its long-term time-varying performance of shrinkage and creep. Therefore, accurate prediction of temperature and humidity in concrete plays an important role in studying the service performance of concrete structures. In the study, the mechanism of coupled moisture and heat (M&H) transfer in concrete is systematically analyzed from three scales: micro-nano scale, mesoscale, and macroscale; meanwhile, a multi-scale theoretical model of coupled M&H transfer in concrete is established. In addition, a novel simulation method of bidirectional coupled of M&H is proposed and the corresponding ABAQUS subroutine is compiled. Based on the existing experiments, the concrete temperature and humidity data for 180 days were further monitored, which verified the feasibility of the proposed method. Finally, the prediction results of M&H transfer are analyzed and compared in three cases: uncoupling, unidirectional coupling, and bidirectional coupling. For the temperature prediction, the early hydration temperature rise is underestimated under the uncoupled model and the unidirectional coupled model that only considering the influence of temperature on humidity, and the prediction error of unidirectional coupled model that only considering the influence of humidity on temperature is relatively small. For the humidity prediction, both uncoupled and unidirectional coupled models underestimate the water consumption, and the closer to the surface of the concrete, the greater the error. Through experiments and numerical simulation analysis, it is suggested that the bidirectional coupled effect should be considered in the analysis of wet-heat field of concrete. This study provides a new way for the modeling and simulation of coupled M&H of concrete, and lays the foundation for the long-term performance research of infrastructure. 

Jinsong Zhu

Papers

Capacitor Ripple Current in an Interleaved PFC Converter

Capacitor ripple current in an interleaved PFC converter

Hygro-Thermal-Mechanical Coupling Analysis for Early Shrinkage of Cast in Situ Concrete of Composite Beams: Theory and Experiment

Multi-scale modeling and simulation of bidirectional coupled moisture and heat transfer in concrete