A review of the program in space-radiation protection at the Langley Research Center is given. The relevant Boltzmann equations are given with a discussion of approximation procedures for space applications. The interaction coefficients are related to the solution of the many-body Schrodinger equations with nuclear and electromagnetic forces. Various solution techniques are discussed to obtain relevant interaction cross sections with extensive comparison with experiments. Solution techniques for the Boltzmann equations are discussed in detail. Transport computer code validation is discussed through analytical benchmarking, comparison with other codes, comparison with laboratory experiments, and measurements in space. Applications to missions to the Moon and Mars are discussed.

Transport Methods and Interactions for Space Radiations

A survey of pion charge-exchange reactions with nuclei

Scattering of 1 GeV protons on nuclei

Excitation of Δ-nuclear states in π-4He scattering

From the earliest days of nuclear physics (Rut 11, Rut 14), the spatial extent of atomic nuclei and the radial distribution of nuclear charge and matter have received considerable attention. One obvious reason for this interest is the role of spatial perception in the macroscopic world and the natural desire to order and characterize things by their sizes and shapes. Beyond this mere description, however, these are fundamental properties of any physical system. It is a primary and appealing gross property of atomic nuclei that, unlike many other quantum systems, they possess a central region of generally uniform density and a reasonably sharp nuclear surface. The central uniform density, or “saturation” property, has its origin in the Pauli principle and the short-range repulsion of nucleons. The sharpness of the nuclear surface is a direct consequence of the short range of the strong interaction.

Jo¨rg Hu¨fner

Papers

On high-energy scattering by nuclei—II