In the 21st century, space activities increasingly affect global society, economy, technology, culture, and the environment. Many countries wish to develop space activities in order to obtain space benefits. However, a lot of them, especially developing countries, face huge obstacles such as lack of human and financial resources, technical support, inadequate information and sustainability of transferred technology. Developing countries believe they do not have equal access to space benefits. This may lead to international conflicts between developing and developed countries.

Based on the concept of international cooperation this study examines the legal aspects and feasibility of the creation of a space organization in the Southeast Asian region. It aims at providing an instrument for ASEAN countries to ensure equitable access to outer space and to its benefits. On the basis of a comparison of existing space organizations, this study identifies the key elements needed for the creation of a model for ASEAN space cooperation. The study concludes that if ASEAN countries want to break the cycle of technological dependency, they should combine their efforts to promote sustainable space development by creating an ASEAN Space Organization.

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The ASEAN Space Organization: Legal Aspects and Feasibility

Historical Analogs for the Stimulation of Space Commerce

This thesis reconstructs American perceptions of the Soviet space programme between the climax of the 1960s Moon Race and the USSR’s collapse. Whereas previous scholarship has focused on America’s stunned introduction to the Soviet programme with the 1957 Sputnik Crisis, this thesis explores the long-term ramifications of a communist presence in outer space, a place frequently characterised as a rejuvenating terrain that it was America’s destiny to explore, prospect and settle. America was never alone on this new frontier: it shared use of outer space with its principal geopolitical rival, a collectivist state that articulated its own prophecy of cosmic destiny. This thesis seeks to recapture American perceptions of the Soviet space programme through government documents, contemporary cultural and media material and the personal papers of prominent space experts. It argues that, long after the Apollo lunar landings, American discussion of the Soviet space programme continued to reflect hopes and fears about the future of the superpowers’ relationship. The secrecy that shrouded the Soviet programme nourished a “Shadow Programme” of rumours and speculation about Soviet activities. Duplication and infighting were largely concealed and replaced with images of a frenzied determination to surpass America and seize the space frontier. This image of Soviet determination survived the Moon Race and was only conclusively dispelled with the revelations that emerged from Mikhail Gorbachev’s Glasnost transparency campaign. American observers often filled the gaps left by the lack of verifiable information about Soviet space plans with their own prejudices and preconceptions about the USSR. The image of a dedicated and determined Soviet programme was also used by space enthusiasts as a reproach to supposed American inaction and concern about the Soviet space threat intensified during hiatuses in the US crewed spaceflight programme. By illuminating a longer history of American engagement with the communist presence in space, this thesis demonstrates outer space’s continued importance as a political terrain. Whether as a decisive battleground for the final confrontation between capitalism and communism, or an optimistic venue for reconciliation and accommodation, outer space continued to play an important role in Cold War rhetoric and strategy.

Reds in space: American perceptions of the Soviet space programme from Apollo to Mir 1967-1991

The historical dimension of space exploration: reflections and possibilities

SPACE COOPERATION UNDER ANARCHY: COMMERCIALIZATION OF OUTER SPACE AND SPACE SECURITY IN THE POST-COLD WAR ERA Irina V. Louts Old Dominion University, 2004 Director: Dr. Kurt Taylor Gaubatz The 20th century brought the most horrific weapons and most devastating wars in the history of human civilization. It also gave us the most breathtaking discoveries and technological breakthroughs, including the opening up of outer space to human reach. The commercialization of outer space is one of the most significant developments of our time, giving us an opportunity to put the richness of this medium to the betterment of human conditions on Earth on an increasingly widening scale. Technological advances have also made space more important militarily. A puzzle now is whether the commercialization of outer space facilitates international cooperation in the security realm or makes interstate relations more competitive in the fourth medium. This study tries to address the issue of outer space security by placing it within the realist-liberal debate on economic interdependence and international conflict and cooperation. It shows that as the post-Cold War transition era drew to its close, security interests of the United States, on the one hand, and Russia and China, on the other, continued to diverge with regard to space security. The sole international intergovernmental organization charged with the negotiations on space security issues failed to bridge the differences and bring about compromises among the major space players. As a result, a new space security regime regulating expanding military uses of space has not emerged. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Liberal expectations fail on two important accounts. Firstly, the cost-benefit analysis that lies in the heart of the argument of liberal pacification consists of the costs of fighting a war as well as the opportunity costs of war and the former has not necessarily increased with technological progress and, even with greater commercialization of outer space, the latter may not necessarily offset the trend in the former. Secondly, the liberal expectation that expanding commercial relations between states would gradually lead to progressive de-legitimization of the use force has so far failed to materialize with respect to outer space. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. To my husband Georgii and our son Andrei Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

Space Cooperation Under Anarchy: Commercialization of Outer Space and Space Security in the Post-Cold War Era

The new Soviet glasnost regarding international cooperation in space will clearly be one of several factors affecting traditional patterns of cooperation in the future. This article examines how the Soviet posture towards cooperation in international space ventures has changed, why the changes have occurred, and the probable consequences of those changes on traditional patterns of international cooperation in space.

Changing patterns of international cooperation in space

Repackaging the Dream Policy Overview: If You Don't Care Where You're Going, Any Road Will Take You There The Situation Space as a Government Domain History As Inertia The Economics of Space, Breaking the Dependency Cycle The Opportunity Semidesperate Times Seeking New Opportunities The Method Convergence, Merging the Space Technology Bases Change the Paradigm, Incorporate Politics and Emphasize Economics A Parallel Development Plan Selected Bibliography Index

Joan Johnson-Freese

Papers

Changing patterns of international cooperation in space

Space, the Dormant Frontier: Changing the Paradigm for the 21st Century

Changing Patterns of International Cooperation in Space

A model for multinational space cooperation

Cancelling the US solar-polar spacecraft: Implications for international cooperation in space