The Role of Oxidative Stress in the Pathogenesis of Age-Related Macular Degeneration

Toxoplasma gondii infection in humans and animals in the United States.

Age-related macular degeneration: etiology, pathogenesis, and therapeutic strategies.

Epidemiology of Cryptosporidium: transmission, detection and identification.

https://www.denovobiotech.com/images/stories/files/Llama_Antibody.pdf

Single domain camel antibodies: current status.

Objective To evaluate effects of butorphanol tartrate and buprenorphine hydrochloride on withdrawal threshold to a noxious stimulus in conscious African grey parrots. Animals 29 African grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus erithacus and Psittacus erithacus timneh). Procedure Birds were fitted with an electrode on the medial metatarsal region of the right leg, placed into a test box, and allowed to acclimate. An electrical stimulus (range, 0.0 to 1.46 mA) was delivered to each bird's foot through an aluminum perch. A withdrawal response was recorded when the bird lifted its foot from the perch or vigorously flinched its wings. Baseline threshold to a noxious electrical stimulus was determined. Birds then were randomly assigned to receive an i.m. injection of saline (0.9% NaCl) solution, butorphanol (1.0 mg/kg of body weight), or buprenorphine (0.1 mg/kg), and threshold values were determined again. Results Butorphanol significantly increased threshold value, but saline solution or buprenorphine did not significantly change threshold values. Conclusions and clinical relevance Butorphanol had an analgesic effect, significantly increasing the threshold to electrical stimuli in African grey parrots. Buprenorphine at the dosage used did not change the threshold to electrical stimulus. Butorphanol provided an analgesic response in half of the birds tested. Butorphanol would be expected to provide analgesia to African grey parrots in a clinical setting.

Analgesic effects of butorphanol and buprenorphine in conscious African grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus erithacus and Psittacus erithacus timneh)

The use of butorphanol as an analgesic in a psittacine species was evaluated by determining its isoflurane-sparing effects. The Effective Dose 50 (ED50) of isoflurane was determined using a bracketing technique based on the purposeful movement elicited by pressure applied to a digit with a hemostat. The ED50 of isoflurane for 11 cockatoos (four greater sulfur crested, three lesser sulfur crested, and four citron crested) was determined to be 1.44 +/- 0.07%. After the administration of 1 mg/kg of butorphanol tartrate intramuscularly (IM), the ED50 was significantly (P < .05) decreased to 1.08 +/- 0.05%. Physiological variables that changed significantly included decreases in heart rate, tidal volume (Vt), inspiratory (Ti) and expiratory times (Te), and an increase in respiratory rate. No complications resulted because of these changes. Based on the results, butorphanol produces an isoflurane-sparing effect in cockatoos and has the potential to be a useful analgesic in psittacines.

Determination of the ED50 of Isoflurane and Evaluation of the Isoflurane‐Sparing Effect of Butorphanol in Cockatoos (Cacatua spp.)

Objective—To test the hypothesis that butorphanol or morphine induces antinociception with minimal respiratory depression in conscious red-eared slider turtles. Design—Prospective crossover study. Animals—37 adult male and female red-eared slider turtles (Trachemys scripta). Procedures—Antinociception (n = 27 turtles) and respiratory (10 turtles) experiments were performed. Infrared heat stimuli were applied to the plantar surface of turtle limbs. Thermal withdrawal latencies were measured before and at intervals after SC administration of physiologic saline (0.9% NaCl) solution, butorphanol tartrate (2.8 or 28 mg/kg [1.27 or 12.7 mg/lb]), or morphine sulfate (1.5 or 6.5 mg/kg [0.68 or 2.95 mg/lb]). Ventilation was assessed in freely swimming turtles before and after SC administration of saline solution, butorphanol (28 mg/kg), or morphine (1.5 mg/kg). Results—For as long as 24 hours after injection of saline solution or either dose of butorphanol, thermal withdrawal latencies among turtles did not differ...

Analgesic efficacy and respiratory effects of butorphanol and morphine in turtles

Serum samples from 58 mountain lions (Felis concolor) in California (USA) were collected between April 1987 and February 1990. Nineteen serum samples were used for serum biochemistry determinations; the ranges were similar to reference values in domestic cats, captive exotic felidae and free-ranging mountain lions. A serological survey was conducted to determine whether antibodies were present against selected infectious agents. Fifty-four (93%) of 58 sera had antibodies against feline panleukopenia virus. Fifteen (68%) of 22, 16 (28%) of 58, 11 (19%) of 58, and 10 (17%) of 58 had serum antibodies against feline reovirus, feline coronavirus, feline herpes virus, and feline calicivirus, respectively. Twenty-three (40%) of 58 and 21 (58%) of 36 had serum antibodies against Yersinia pestis and Toxoplasma gondii, respectively. Only one of 22 sera had antibodies against the somatic antigen of Dirofilaria immitis. Feline leukemia virus and feline immunodeficiency virus antigens were not detected in any mountain...

https://bioone.org/journals/Journal-of-Wildlife-Diseases/volume-30/issue-2/0090-3558-30.2.205/SEROLOGIC-SURVEY-AND-SERUM-BIOCHEMICAL-REFERENCE-RANGES-OF-THE-FREE/10.7589/0090-3558-30.2.205.pdf

Joanne R Paul-Murphy

Papers

Analgesic effects of butorphanol and buprenorphine in conscious African grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus erithacus and Psittacus erithacus timneh)

Determination of the ED50 of Isoflurane and Evaluation of the Isoflurane‐Sparing Effect of Butorphanol in Cockatoos (Cacatua spp.)

Analgesic efficacy and respiratory effects of butorphanol and morphine in turtles

Serologic survey and serum biochemical reference ranges of the free-ranging mountain lion (felis concolor) in california

The need for a cross-species approach to the study of pain in animals.