There is, I think, something ethereal about i —the square root of minus one. I remember first hearing about it at school. It seemed an odd beast at that time—an intruder hovering on the edge of reality.

Usually familiarity dulls this sense of the bizarre, but in the case of i it was the reverse: over the years the sense of its surreal nature intensified. It seemed that it was impossible to write mathematics that described the real world in …

I and i

Sports nutrition is a constantly evolving field with hundreds of research papers published annually. In the year 2017 alone, 2082 articles were published under the key words ‘sport nutrition’. Consequently, staying current with the relevant literature is often difficult. This paper is an ongoing update of the sports nutrition review article originally published as the lead paper to launch the Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition in 2004 and updated in 2010. It presents a well-referenced overview of the current state of the science related to optimization of training and performance enhancement through exercise training and nutrition. Notably, due to the accelerated pace and size at which the literature base in this research area grows, the topics discussed will focus on muscle hypertrophy and performance enhancement. As such, this paper provides an overview of: 1.) How ergogenic aids and dietary supplements are defined in terms of governmental regulation and oversight; 2.) How dietary supplements are legally regulated in the United States; 3.) How to evaluate the scientific merit of nutritional supplements; 4.) General nutritional strategies to optimize performance and enhance recovery; and, 5.) An overview of our current understanding of nutritional approaches to augment skeletal muscle hypertrophy and the potential ergogenic value of various dietary and supplemental approaches. This updated review is to provide ISSN members and individuals interested in sports nutrition with information that can be implemented in educational, research or practical settings and serve as a foundational basis for determining the efficacy and safety of many common sport nutrition products and their ingredients.

https://researchbank.swinburne.edu.au/file/15e35c6c-4774-4c52-9925-46c78269bed4/1/2018-kerksick-issn_exercise_sports.pdf

ISSN exercise & sports nutrition review update: research & recommendations

Creatine is one of the most popular nutritional ergogenic aids for athletes. Studies have consistently shown that creatine supplementation increases intramuscular creatine concentrations which may help explain the observed improvements in high intensity exercise performance leading to greater training adaptations. In addition to athletic and exercise improvement, research has shown that creatine supplementation may enhance post-exercise recovery, injury prevention, thermoregulation, rehabilitation, and concussion and/or spinal cord neuroprotection. Additionally, a number of clinical applications of creatine supplementation have been studied involving neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., muscular dystrophy, Parkinson’s, Huntington’s disease), diabetes, osteoarthritis, fibromyalgia, aging, brain and heart ischemia, adolescent depression, and pregnancy. These studies provide a large body of evidence that creatine can not only improve exercise performance, but can play a role in preventing and/or reducing the severity of injury, enhancing rehabilitation from injuries, and helping athletes tolerate heavy training loads. Additionally, researchers have identified a number of potentially beneficial clinical uses of creatine supplementation. These studies show that short and long-term supplementation (up to 30 g/day for 5 years) is safe and well-tolerated in healthy individuals and in a number of patient populations ranging from infants to the elderly. Moreover, significant health benefits may be provided by ensuring habitual low dietary creatine ingestion (e.g., 3 g/day) throughout the lifespan. The purpose of this review is to provide an update to the current literature regarding the role and safety of creatine supplementation in exercise, sport, and medicine and to update the position stand of International Society of Sports Nutrition (ISSN).

/pdf/international-society-of-sports-nutrition-position-stand-11vvh0o0le.pdf

International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: safety and efficacy of creatine supplementation in exercise, sport, and medicine

In 1973, IL-6 was identified as a soluble factor that is secreted by T cells and is important for antibody production by B cells. Since its discovery more than 40 years ago, the IL-6 pathway has emerged as a pivotal pathway involved in immune regulation in health and dysregulation in many diseases. Targeting of the IL-6 pathway has led to innovative therapeutic approaches for various rheumatic diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, adult-onset Still's disease, giant cell arteritis and Takayasu arteritis, as well as other conditions such as Castleman disease and cytokine release syndrome. Targeting this pathway has also identified avenues for potential expansion into several other indications, such as uveitis, neuromyelitis optica and, most recently, COVID-19 pneumonia. To mark the tenth anniversary of anti-IL-6 receptor therapy worldwide, we discuss the history of research into IL-6 biology and the development of therapies that target IL-6 signalling, including the successes and challenges and with an emphasis on rheumatic diseases.

/pdf/translating-il-6-biology-into-effective-treatments-441yyi686y.pdf

Translating IL-6 biology into effective treatments.

Antioxidant activity and free radical-scavenging capacity of extracts from guava (Psidium guajava L.) leaves

https://rihuc.huc.min-saude.pt/bitstream/10400.4/1210/1/Effect%20of%20the%20calcination%20temperature.pdf

Effect of the calcination temperature on the composition and microstructure of hydroxyapatite derived from human and animal bone

Although demineralized bone matrix has been considered a successful grafting material, combining both osteoconductive and osteoinductive properties, conflicting results have been published in the literature regarding its bone-inducing abilities. This may be a consequence of following different demineralization procedures that naturally result in products with different properties. The present work examines the evaluation of the demineralization process of similar samples of human cortical bone using three different concentrations of hydrochloric acid solutions (0.6 M, 1.2 M and 2.4 M). Sample calcium content was determined (by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy) at various immersion times, allowing the construction of the corresponding kinetic profiles. Phase and chemical composition were enabled by X-Ray Diffraction Spectroscopy and Fourier Transform Infrared Analysis, respectively. Structural modifications were followed by Light and Scanning Electron Microscopy and quantified by mercury porosimetry (in terms of porosity and pore size distribution). As expected, increasing the acid concentration led to an increase in the demineralization rate, but not in a proportional way. However, one of the most significant effects of the acid concentration was found on the sample structural features. In fact, a considerable increment in porosity was detected for the sample subjected to the highest hydrochloric acid concentration. Microscopic observations demonstrated that despite the structural deformation

/pdf/influence-of-hydrochloric-acid-concentration-on-the-pk78l39bv9.pdf

Influence of hydrochloric acid concentration on the demineralization of cortical bone

Background: Adamantiades-Behcet’s disease is a chronic systemic disorder associating oral and genital ulcerative lesions with ocular and cutaneous manifestations. Previous publicati

João Freitas

Papers

Effect of the calcination temperature on the composition and microstructure of hydroxyapatite derived from human and animal bone

Influence of hydrochloric acid concentration on the demineralization of cortical bone

Oxidative Stress in Adamantiades-Behçet’s Disease

Lipid peroxidation in type 2 normolipidemic diabetic patients

Preparation of gentamicin sulfate eluting fiber mats by emulsion and by suspension electrospinning.