Lab-on-a-chip for drug development.

An up-to-date survey of the theory of port-Hamiltonian systems is given, emphasizing novel developments and relationships with other formalisms. Port-Hamiltonian systems theory yields a systematic framework for network modeling of multi-physics systems. Examples from different areas show the range of applicability. While the emphasis is on modeling and analysis, the last part provides a brief introduction to control of port-Hamiltonian systems.

/pdf/port-hamiltonian-systems-theory-an-introductory-overview-336t2ksn5a.pdf

Port-Hamiltonian Systems Theory: An Introductory Overview

An improved method for the estimation of surface roughness of obstacle arrays

Microfluidic fuel cells: A review

A fully coupled physically-based spatially-distributed model for evaluating surface/subsurface flow

PREFACE. CHAPTER 1 Introduction. 1.1 Liquids and Gases. 1.2 The Continuum Assumption. 1.3 Dimensions, Units, and Resources. 1.4 Topics in Dimensional Analysis. 1.5 Engineering Analysis. 1.6 Applications and Connections. CHAPTER 2 Fluid Properties. 2.1 Properties Involving Mass and Weight. 2.2 Ideal Gas Law. 2.3 Properties Involving Thermal Energy. 2.4 Viscosity. 2.5 Bulk Modulus of Elasticity. 2.6 Surface Tension. 2.7 Vapor Pressure. 2.8 Summary. CHAPTER 3 Fluid Statics. 3.1 Pressure. 3.2 Pressure Variation with Elevation. 3.3 Pressure Measurements. 3.4 Forces on Plane Surfaces (Panels). 3.5 Forces on Curved Surfaces. 3.6 Buoyancy. 3.7 Stability of Immersed and Floating Bodies. 3.8 Summary. CHAPTER 4 Flowing Fluids and Pressure Variation. 4.1 Descriptions of Fluid Motion. 4.2 Acceleration. 4.3 Euler's Equation. 4.4 Pressure Distribution in Rotating Flows. 4.5 The Bernoulli Equation Along a Streamline. 4.6 Rotation and Vorticity. 4.7 The Bernoulli Equation in Irrotational Flow. 4.8 Separation. 4.9 Summary. CHAPTER 5 Control Volume Approach and Continuity Equation. 5.1 Rate of Flow. 5.2 Control Volume Approach. 5.3 Continuity Equation. 5.4 Cavitation. 5.5 Differential Form of the Continuity Equation. 5.6 Summary. CHAPTER 6 Momentum Equation. 6.1 Momentum Equation: Derivation. 6.2 Momentum Equation: Interpretation. 6.3 Common Applications. 6.4 Additional Applications. 6.5 Moment-of-Momentum Equation. 6.6 Navier-Stokes Equation. 6.7 Summary. CHAPTER 7 The Energy Equation. 7.1 Energy, Work, and Power. 7.2 Energy Equation: General Form. 7.3 Energy Equation: Pipe Flow. 7.4 Power Equation. 7.5 Contrasting the Bernoulli Equation and the Energy Equation. 7.6 Transitions. 7.7 Hydraulic and Energy Grade Lines. 7.8 Summary. CHAPTER 8 Dimensional Analysis and Similitude. 8.1 Need for Dimensional Analysis. 8.2 Buckingham Theorem. 8.3 Dimensional Analysis. 8.4 Common-Groups. 8.5 Similitude. 8.6 Model Studies for Flows Without Free-Surface Effects. 8.7 Model-Prototype Performance. 8.8 Approximate Similitude at High Reynolds Numbers. 8.9 Free-Surface Model Studies. 8.10 Summary. CHAPTER 9 Surface Resistance. 9.1 Surface Resistance with Uniform Laminar Flow. 9.2 Qualitative Description of the Boundary Layer. 9.3 Laminar Boundary Layer. 9.4 Boundary Layer Transition. 9.5 Turbulent Boundary Layer. 9.6 Pressure Gradient Effects on Boundary Layers. 9.7 Summary. CHAPTER 10 Flow in Conduits. 10.1 Classifying Flow. 10.2 Specifying Pipe Sizes. 10.3 Pipe Head Loss. 10.4 Stress Distributions in Pipe Flow. 10.5 Laminar Flow in a Round Tube. 10.6 Turbulent Flow and the Moody Diagram. 10.7 Solving Turbulent Flow Problems. 10.8 Combined Head Loss 10.9 Nonround Conduits. 10.10 Pumps and Systems of Pipes. 10.11 Summary. CHAPTER 11 Drag and Lift. 11.1 Relating Lift and Drag to Stress Distributions. 11.2 Calculating Drag Force. 11.3 Drag of Axisymmetric and 3D Bodies. 11.4 Terminal Velocity. 11.5 Vortex Shedding. 11.6 Reducing Drag by Streamlining. 11.7 Drag in Compressible Flow. 11.8 Theory of Lift. 11.9 Lift and Drag on Airfoils. 11.10 Lift and Drag on Road Vehicles. 11.11 Summary. CHAPTER 12 Compressible Flow. 12.1 Wave Propagation in Compressible Fluids. 12.2 Mach Number Relationships. 12.3 Normal Shock Waves. 12.4 Isentropic Compressible Flow Through a Duct with Varying Area. 12.5 Summary. CHAPTER 13 Flow Measurements. 13.1 Measuring Velocity and Pressure 13.2 Measuring Flow Rate (Discharge). 13.3 Measurement in Compressible Flow. 13.4 Accuracy of Measurements. 13.5 Summary. CHAPTER 14 Turbomachinery. 14.1 Propellers. 14.2 Axial-Flow Pumps. 14.3 Radial-Flow Machines. 14.4 Specific Speed. 14.5 Suction Limitations of Pumps. 14.6 Viscous Effects. 14.7 Centrifugal Compressors. 14.8 Turbines. 14.9 Summary. CHAPTER 15 Flow in Open Channels. 15.1 Description of Open-Channel Flow. 15.2 Energy Equation for Steady Open-Channel Flow. 15.3 Steady Uniform Flow. 15.4 Steady Nonuniform Flow. 15.5 Rapidly Varied Flow. 15.6 Hydraulic Jump. 15.7 Gradually Varied Flow. 15.8 Summary. Appendix A-1. Answers A-11. Index I-1.

Engineering Fluid Mechanics

Contrary to popular opinion, wind tunnel tests showed that the drag coefficient of angular shaped bodies is significantly affected by the intensity of the free stream turbulence. For some bodies an increase in intensity causes an increase in C D while for others a decrease in C D results. Tests made on a vibrating body having a shape similar to an H beam showed that the amplitude of vibration was increased more than 200% with an increase in free stream turbulence. The change in coefficient of drag C D is attributed to two primary effects. The first is increased Reynolds stress in the region of the surface of separation which appears to cause an increase in C D and the other is reattachment of the flow to the body which may cause the C D to increase or decrease depending upon the shape of the body. The range of Reynolds numbers in these tests is limited to the relatively narrow span from approximately 5 x 103 to 7 x 104.

Turbulence Effects on Drag of Sharp-Edged Bodies

Transition functions which relate the friction factor and the relative roughness to the Reynolds number are obtained by utilizing the basic laws for turbulent flow in conduits plus the relationship between the drag of blunt bodies and the velocity of flow past the bodies. Solutions are made for boundaries roughened with cubes and spheres. The results are compared with experimental results by Koloseus, O'Loughlin and Schlichting.

Flow in Conduits with Low Roughness Concentration

A simple trial-and-error method of developing unit hydrographs from long-period storms by making use of a general dimensionless unit hydrograph is presented. The development of a general dimensionless unit hydrograph is based on approximately 20 unit hydrographs from the Willamette Valley in Oregon. A method of using the general dimensionless unit hydrograph to derive unit hydrographs from long-period storms and the drainage area of the basin is also presented. The method consists in first converting the dimensionless unit hydrograph into a unit hydrograph by using the drainage area of the basin and assuming a time base. This unit hydrograph is then applied to a long-period storm to produce a storm hydrograph. The synthetic storm hydrograph is then compared with the actual storm hydrograph. If they compare favorably, the unit hydrograph used is the unit hydrograph for the basin. If they do not compare favorably, another unit hydrograph is used, assuming a new time base. This process is repeated until a favorable comparison is obtained. The method is adaptable to the electronic computer and has been successfully tested on the IBM 650 computer.

The use of a dimensionless unit hydrograph to derive unit hydrographs for some Pacific Northwest basins

The results of an experimental investigation of the turbulent flow in a pipe roughened with hemispheres are reported. The roughness concentration was varied by changing the size of roughness elements which were uniformly distributed on the smooth boundary. Measurements included intensity of turbulence, macroscale of turbulence, Reynolds stress, mean velocity, pressure gradient, drag force, and shear stress on the smooth boundary. Turbulence and velocity measurements were confined to a vertical plane through the wake center line. The results of the experiments provide new information, and reduce some of the uncertainty about the structure of turbulence and mean velocity distribution in the wakes of roughness elements.

John A. Roberson

Papers

Engineering Fluid Mechanics

Turbulence Effects on Drag of Sharp-Edged Bodies

Flow in Conduits with Low Roughness Concentration

The use of a dimensionless unit hydrograph to derive unit hydrographs for some Pacific Northwest basins

Turbulence in wakes of roughness elements