해외산업간호정보 - 미국 산업안전보건연구원(National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health) 소개

https://www.ce.utexas.edu/prof/bhat/ABSTRACTS/AMAR_review_article.pdf

Analytic methods in accident research: Methodological frontier and future directions

https://personalpages.manchester.ac.uk/staff/robert.lucas/Lucas%20et%20al%2014.pdf

Measuring and using light in the melanopsin age

Unobserved heterogeneity and the statistical analysis of highway accident data

In the past 50 y, there has been a decline in average sleep duration and quality, with adverse consequences on general health. A representative survey of 1,508 American adults recently revealed that 90% of Americans used some type of electronics at least a few nights per week within 1 h before bedtime. Mounting evidence from countries around the world shows the negative impact of such technology use on sleep. This negative impact on sleep may be due to the short-wavelength–enriched light emitted by these electronic devices, given that artificial-light exposure has been shown experimentally to produce alerting effects, suppress melatonin, and phase-shift the biological clock. A few reports have shown that these devices suppress melatonin levels, but little is known about the effects on circadian phase or the following sleep episode, exposing a substantial gap in our knowledge of how this increasingly popular technology affects sleep. Here we compare the biological effects of reading an electronic book on a light-emitting device (LE-eBook) with reading a printed book in the hours before bedtime. Participants reading an LE-eBook took longer to fall asleep and had reduced evening sleepiness, reduced melatonin secretion, later timing of their circadian clock, and reduced nextmorning alertness than when reading a printed book. These results demonstrate that evening exposure to an LE-eBook phase-delays the circadian clock, acutely suppresses melatonin, and has important implications for understanding the impact of such technologies on sleep, performance, health, and safety.

https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/112/4/1232.full.pdf

Evening use of light-emitting eReaders negatively affects sleep, circadian timing, and next-morning alertness

A model of phototransduction by the human circadian system.

The present paper reflects a work in progress toward a definition of circadian light, one that should be informed by the thoughtful, century-old evolution of our present definition of light as a stimulus for the human visual system. This work in progress is based upon the functional relationship between optical radiation and its effects on nocturnal melatonin suppression, in large part because the basic data are available in the literature. Discussed here are the fundamental differences between responses by the visual and circadian systems to optical radiation. Brief reviews of photometry, colorimetry, and brightness perception are presented as a foundation for the discussion of circadian light. Finally, circadian light (CLA) and circadian stimulus (CS) calculation procedures based on a published mathematical model of human circadian phototransduction are presented with an example.

Circadian light

(1997). Evaluating Light Source Efficacy under Mesopic Conditions Using Reaction Times. Journal of the Illuminating Engineering Society: Vol. 26, No. 1, pp. 125-138.

Evaluating light source efficacy under mesopic conditions using reaction times

,!A unified system of photometry is proposed that is based on human vision and allows the specification of visual stimuli at all light levels. To be useful, however, photometry can never be entirely synonymous with vision. Additivity is an essential characteristic of photometry, yet many visual responses, such as brightness matching, incorporate visual channels that are inherently non-additive in responding to light. Following a review of models of mesopic photometry based on a number of experimental techniques, a system of photometry based on reaction times is proposed to bridge conventional photopic and scotopic luminous efficiency functions through the mesopic region. The basis for the unified system is a parameter, X, which describes the proportion of photopic luminous efficacy at any luminance, and luminance can be calculated from a simple closed-form equation. The utility of the system is described, including instrumentation for the measurement of unified luminance.

A proposed unified system of photometry

A century of research and practice have optimized the use of electric lighting in buildings to support human vision. However, recent lines of research show that light is also important to human cir...

John D. Bullough

Papers

A model of phototransduction by the human circadian system.

Circadian light

Evaluating light source efficacy under mesopic conditions using reaction times

A proposed unified system of photometry

Circadian photobiology: an emerging framework for lighting practice and research