Preface to the Princeton Landmarks in Biology Edition vii Preface xi Symbols Used xiii 1. The Importance of Islands 3 2. Area and Number of Speicies 8 3. Further Explanations of the Area-Diversity Pattern 19 4. The Strategy of Colonization 68 5. Invasibility and the Variable Niche 94 6. Stepping Stones and Biotic Exchange 123 7. Evolutionary Changes Following Colonization 145 8. Prospect 181 Glossary 185 References 193 Index 201

The Theory of Island Biogeography

http://www.geog.ucl.ac.uk/~mdisney/teaching/PPRS/papers/foody.pdf

Status of land cover classification accuracy assessment

In recent months there has been an explosion of interest in using the Web to create, assemble, and disseminate geographic information provided voluntarily by individuals. Sites such as Wikimapia and OpenStreetMap are empowering citizens to create a global patchwork of geographic information, while Google Earth and other virtual globes are encouraging volunteers to develop inter- esting applications using their own data. I review this phenomenon, and examine associated issues: what drives people to do this, how accurate are the results, will they threaten individual privacy, and how can they augment more conventional sources? I compare this new phenomenon to more traditional citizen science and the role of the amateur in geographic observation.

/pdf/citizens-as-sensors-the-world-of-volunteered-geography-phibl484h3.pdf

Citizens as sensors: the world of volunteered geography

A variety of procedures for change detection based on comparison of multitemporal digital remote sensing data have been developed. An evaluation of results indicates that various procedures of change detection produce different maps of change even in the same environment.

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/01431168908903939

Review Article Digital change detection techniques using remotely-sensed data

Researchers from the U.S. Geological Survey, University of Nebraska-Lincoln and the European Commission's Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy produced a 1 km resolution global land cover characteristics database for use in a wide range of continental-to global-scale environmental studies. This database provides a unique view of the broad patterns of the biogeographical and ecoclimatic diversity of the global land surface, and presents a detailed interpretation of the extent of human development. The project was carried out as an International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme, Data and Information Systems (IGBP-DIS) initiative. The IGBP DISCover global land cover product is an integral component of the global land cover database. DISCover includes 17 general land cover classes defined to meet the needs of IGBP core science projects. A formal accuracy assessment of the DISCover data layer will be completed in 1998. The 1 km global land cover database was developed through a continent-by-continent unsupervised ...

Development of a global land cover characteristics database and igbp discover from 1 km avhrr data

Less than 6% of the coterminous United States is in nature reserves. As- sessment of the occurrence of nature reserves across ranges of elevation and soil productivity classes indicates that nature reserves are most frequently found at higher elevations and on less productive soils. The distribution of plants and animals suggests that the greatest number of species is found at lower elevations. A preliminary assessment of the occurrence of mapped land cover types indicates that ;60% of mapped cover types have ,10% of their area in nature reserves. Land ownership patterns show that areas of lower elevation and more productive soils are most often privately owned and already extensively converted to urban and agricultural uses. Thus any effort to establish a system of nature reserves that captures the full geographical and ecological range of cover types and species must fully engage the private sector.

Nature reserves: do they capture the full range of america's biological diversity?

(1991). Geographic information systems: An introduction. Geocarto International: Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 46-46.

Geographic Information Systems: An Introduction

The complete Type IIB supergravity solutions with 16 supersymmetries are obtained on the manifold AdS4 ? S2 ? S2 ? ? with SO(2, 3) ? SO(3) ? SO(3) symmetry in terms of two holomorphic functions on a Riemann surface ?, which generally has a boundary. This is achieved by reducing the BPS equations using the above symmetry requirements, proving that all solutions of the BPS equations solve the full Type IIB supergravity field equations, mapping the BPS equations onto a new integrable system akin to the Liouville and Sine-Gordon theories, and mapping this integrable system to a linear equation which can be solved exactly. Amongst the infinite class of solutions, a non-singular Janus solution is identified which provides the AdS/CFT dual of the maximally supersymmetric Yang-Mills interface theory discovered recently. The construction of general classes of globally non-singular solutions, including fully back-reacted AdS5 ? S5 and supersymmetric Janus doped with D5 and/or NS5 branes, is deferred to a companion paper [1].

http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1126-6708/2007/06/021/pdf

Exact half-BPS Type IIB interface solutions. I. Local solution and supersymmetric Janus

Regularity and topology conditions are imposed on the exact Type IIB solutions on AdS4 × S2 × S2 × Σ with 16 supersymmetries, which were derived in a companion paper [1]. We construct an infinite class of regular solutions with varying dilaton, and non-zero 3-form fluxes. Our solutions may be viewed as the fully back-reacted geometries of AdS5 × S5 (or more generally, Janus) doped with D5 and/or NS5 branes. The solutions are parametrized by the choice of an arbitrary genus g hyper-elliptic Riemann surface Σ with boundary, all of whose branch points are restricted to lie on a line. For genus 0, the Janus solution with 16 supersymmetries and 6 real parameters is recovered; its topology coincides with that of AdS5 × S5. The genus g ≥ 1 solutions are parametrized by a total of 4g + 6 real numbers, 2g−1 of which are the real moduli of Σ. The solutions have 2g + 2 asymptotic AdS5 × S5 regions, g three-spheres with RR 3-form charge, and another g with NSNS 3-form charge. Collapse of consecutive branch points of Σ yields singularities which correspond to D5 and NS5 branes in the probe limit. It is argued that the AdS/CFT dual gauge theory to each of our solutions consists of a 2+1-dimensional planar interface on which terminate 2g + 2 half-Minkowski 3+1-dimensional space-time = 4 super-Yang-Mills theories. Generally, the = 4 theory in each Minkowski half-space-time may have an independent value of the gauge coupling, and the interface may support various operators, whose interface couplings are further free parameters of the dual gauge theory.

John E. Estes

Papers

Nature reserves: do they capture the full range of america's biological diversity?

Geographic Information Systems: An Introduction

Exact half-BPS Type IIB interface solutions. I. Local solution and supersymmetric Janus

Exact half-BPS type IIB interface solutions II: flux solutions and multi-Janus

Species RichnessA geographic approach to protecting future biological diversity