A relatively simple model of the phonological loop (A. D. Baddeley, 1986), a component of working memory, has proved capable of accommodating a great deal of experimental evidence from normal adult participants, children, and neuropsychological patients. Until recently, however, the role of this subsystem in everyday cognitive activities was unclear. In this article the authors review studies of word learning by normal adults and children, neuropsychological patients, and special developmental populations, which provide evidence that the phonological loop plays a crucial role in learning the novel phonological forms of new words. The authors propose that the primary purpose for which the phonological loop evolved is to store unfamiliar sound patterns while more permanent memory records are being constructed. Its use in retaining sequences of familiar words is, it is argued,

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The phonological loop as a language learning device.

Recent work on natural categories suggests a framework for conceptualizing people's knowledge about emotions. Categories of natural objects or events, including emotions, are formed as a result of repeated experiences and become organized around prototypes (Rosch, 1978); the interrelated set of emot

Emotion knowledge: further exploration of a prototype approach.

Committee for assessing progress on implementing the recommendations of the institute of medicine report the future of nursing: leading change, advancing health

The authors propose an alternative conceptualization of the developmental dyslexias, the double-deficit hypothesis (i.e., phonological deficits and processes underlying naming-speed deficits represent 2 separable sources of reading dysfunction). Data from cross-sectional, longitudinal, and cross-linguistic studies are reviewed supporting the presence of 2 single-deficit subtypes with more limited reading impairments and 1 double-deficit subtype with more pervasive and severe impairments. Naming-speed and phonological-awareness variables contribute uniquely to different aspects of reading according to this conception, with a model of visual letter naming illustrating both the multicomponential nature of naming speed and why naming speed Should not be subsumed under phonological processes. Two hypotheses concerning relationships between naming-speed processes and reading are considered. The implications of processing speed as a second core deficit in dyslexia are described for diagnosis and intervention.

The double-deficit hypothesis for the developmental dyslexias.

Self-Directed Learning, A Guide for Learners and Teachers

Children's language

This article summarizes the key features of the World Health Organization's Framework for Action on Interprofessional Education and Collaborative Practice. The Framework is a call for action to policy-makers, decision-makers, educators, health workers, community leaders, and global health advocates to move toward embedding interprofessional education and collaborative practice in all of the services they deliver.

A WHO report: framework for action on interprofessional education and collaborative practice.

Structural changes need to be made within universities such that interprofessional education for patient-centred collaborative practice becomes a responsibility that crosses faculty jurisdictions and is accepted as the responsibility of all associated health and human service programs. In communities, the patient or client is the centre of professional attention requiring care that goes beyond the skill and scope of any one profession. Notions about collaboration inform and drive interprofessional education and should lead to sustainable system changes within centres of advanced education that ensure a permanent place for interprofessional education in all health and human service programs. This chapter explores the many barriers to achieving this goal, and offers insights into their removal from one university's experience.

Interprofessional learning and higher education structural barriers

Interprofessional education (IPE) and interprofessional collaboration (IPC) have been identified in health education and health care as playing an important role in improving health care services and patient outcomes. Despite a growth in the amount of research in these areas, poor conceptualizations of these interprofessional activities have persisted. Given the conceptual challenges, a scoping review of the interprofessional field was undertaken to map the literature available in order to identify key concepts, theories and sources of evidence. The objective of this review was to develop a theoretically based and empirically tested understanding of IPE and IPC. A total of 104 studies met the criteria and were included for analysis. Studies were examined for their approach to conceptualization, implementation, and assessment of their interprofessional interventions. Half of the studies were used for interprofessional framework development and half for framework testing and refinement. The final framework contains three main types of interprofessional interventions: IPE; interprofessional practice; and interprofessional organization; and describes the nature of each type of intervention by stage, participants, intervention type, interprofessional objectives, and outcomes. The outcomes are delineated as intermediate, patient, and system outcomes. There was very limited use of theory in the studies, and thus theoretical aspects could not be incorporated into the framework. This study offers an initial step in mapping out the interprofessional field and outlines possible ways forward for future research and practice.

A scoping review to improve conceptual clarity of interprofessional interventions

This report describes the outcomes of extensive discussions surrounding clinical education and practice placement issues undertaken by an international group of allied health educators (in audiology, occupational therapy, physiotherapy, and speech pathology) who have met since 2001 as part of Universitas 21 Health Sciences annual meetings The report outlines key issues associated with clinical education and practice placements from an international perspective and across these four allied health professions The allied health practice context is described in terms of the range of allied health educational programs in Universitas 21 and recent changes in health and tertiary education sectors in represented countries Some issues and benefits related to supervision during allied health students' practice placements are addressed A new approach is proposed through partnership such that frameworks for the provision of practice placements can be created to facilitate student learning and educate and support clinical educators A set of guidelines that can enhance partnerships and collaborative practice for the benefit of clinical education within complex and changing health/human service and educational environments is proposed

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John H. V. Gilbert

Papers

Children's language

A WHO report: framework for action on interprofessional education and collaborative practice.

Interprofessional learning and higher education structural barriers

A scoping review to improve conceptual clarity of interprofessional interventions

A clinical education and practice placements in the allied health professions: an international perspective.