https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/818298/file/818329.pdf

Hydrogen-fueled internal combustion engines

Four types of hydrogen detectors are used by researchers, engineers, and manufacturers 
today, and if hydrogen continues to play a role in emerging alternative energy sources, 
there will be exponential growth in the use and need for more advanced and more robust 
devices in the future. The types of sensors reviewed in this chapter are (1) room-temperature hydrogen leak sensors; (2) thermometers, particularly useful at low temperature; 
(3) liquid hydrogen volume and mass gauges; and (4) para/ortho hydrogen ratiometers.

Spark ignition natural gas engines—A review

Fuel management system for enhanced operation of a spark ignition gasoline engine. Injectors inject an anti-knock agent such as ethanol directly into a cylinder. It is preferred that the direct injection occur after the inlet valve is closed. It is also preferred that stoichiometric operation with a three way catalyst be used to minimize emissions. In addition, it is also preferred that the anti-knock agents have a heat of vaporization per unit of combustion energy that is at least three times that of gasoline.

Optimized fuel management system for direct injection ethanol enhancement of gasoline engines

Fuel management system for efficient operation of a spark ignition gasoline engine. Injectors inject an anti-knock agent such as ethanol directly into a cylinder of the engine. A fuel management microprocessor system controls injection of the anti-knock agent so as to control knock and minimize that amount of the anti-knock agent that is used in a drive cycle. It is preferred that the anti-knock agent is ethanol. The use of ethanol can be further minimized by injection in a non-uniform manner within a cylinder. The ethanol injection suppresses knock so that higher compression ratio and/or engine downsizing from increased turbocharging or supercharging can be used to increase the efficiency of the engine.

Fuel management system for variable ethanol octane enhancement of gasoline engines

A control system 14 for a bi-fuel engine 12 Is provided. The control system 14 includes a powertrain controller 52 and a bi-fuel controller 54. The controller 52 has a set of fuel injector drivers 92. The controller 50 has a set of gasoline fuel injector drivers 104 and a set of alternate fuel (AF) fuel injector drivers 106. Each of drivers 92 in controller 52 is electrically connected to a driver 104 and a driver 106 in controller 50. Thus, a control signal generatea by a single driver 92 can be utilized by either of drivers 104, 106 to generate a corresponding control signal for controlling a gasoline fuel injector 38 or a AF fuel injector 40, respectively.

Control system and method for a bi-fuel engine

Ford's SULEV dedicated natural gas trucks

Ford Motor Company has introduced a Crown Victoria dedicated natural gas vehicle (NGV) to meet rising demand for vehicles powered by cleaner burning fuels and to reduce dependency on foreign energy imports. The Crown Victoria NGS is a production vehicle maintaining Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) quality and warranty while complying with all applicable corporate, federal and state requirements.

Ford's 1996 crown victoria dedicated natural gas vehicle

Emissions Performance of Bi-fuel CNG and Bi-fuel LPG Passenger Cars Using Sequential Multi-point Injection Systems

A bi-fuel (Compressed Natural Gas [CNG] and gasoline) pickup truck has been developed using the Ford Alternative Fuel Qualified Vehicle Modifier (QVM) process. The base vehicle`s 4.9L engine has been specially modified for improved durability on gaseous fuels. The base vehicle`s configuration has been designed for conversion to bi-fuel CNG operation. A complete CNG fuel system has been designed and qualified, including fuel tanks, fuel system, and electrical interface. The completed vehicle has been safety and emission certified, demonstrating CARB Low Emission Vehicle (LEV) emissions in MY95. This paper details the design objectives, development process, CNG components, and integration of the two fuel systems.

John Lapetz

Papers

Control system and method for a bi-fuel engine

Ford's SULEV dedicated natural gas trucks

Ford's 1996 crown victoria dedicated natural gas vehicle

Emissions Performance of Bi-fuel CNG and Bi-fuel LPG Passenger Cars Using Sequential Multi-point Injection Systems

Development of the Ford QVM CNG bi-fuel 4.9L F-Series pickup truck