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A fast-Fourier-transform method of topography and interferometry is proposed. By computer processing of a noncontour type of fringe pattern, automatic discrimination is achieved between elevation and depression of the object or wave-front form, which has not been possible by the fringe-contour-generation techniques. The method has advantages over moire topography and conventional fringe-contour interferometry in both accuracy and sensitivity. Unlike fringe-scanning techniques, the method is easy to apply because it uses no moving components.

Fourier-transform method of fringe-pattern analysis for computer-based topography and interferometry

A self-scanned 1024 element photodiode array and minicomputer are used to measure the phase (wavefront) in the interference pattern of an interferometer to lambda/100. The photodiode array samples intensities over a 32 x 32 matrix in the interference pattern as the length of the reference arm is varied piezoelectrically. Using these data the minicomputer synchronously detects the phase at each of the 1024 points by a Fourier series method and displays the wavefront in contour and perspective plot on a storage oscilloscope in less than 1 min (Bruning et al. Paper WE16, OSA Annual Meeting, Oct. 1972). The array of intensities is sampled and averaged many times in a random fashion so that the effects of air turbulence, vibrations, and thermal drifts are minimized. Very significant is the fact that wavefront errors in the interferometer are easily determined and may be automatically subtracted from current or subsequent wavefrots. Various programs supporting the measurement system include software for determining the aperture boundary, sum and difference of wavefronts, removal or insertion of tilt and focus errors, and routines for spatial manipulation of wavefronts. FFT programs transform wavefront data into point spread function and modulus and phase of the optical transfer function of lenses. Display programs plot these functions in contour and perspective. The system has been designed to optimize the collection of data to give higher than usual accuracy in measuring the individual elements and final performance of assembled diffraction limited optical systems, and furthermore, the short loop time of a few minutes makes the system an attractive alternative to constraints imposed by test glasses in the optical shop.

Digital wavefront measuring interferometer for testing optical surfaces and lenses

Approaches to learning

Biomechanics and wound healing in the cornea

A diode seeded Nd:YAG pulsed laser is used in conjunction with ESPI to study targets undergoing resonant in-plane and out-of-plane vibrations. The Nd:YAG laser is capable of operating in a single- or twin-pulse mode. At a repetition rate of 50 pulses/sec, the single- and twin-pulse operations are used to create subtraction fringes, and the twin-pulse operation (at 50 twin pulses/sec) to produce additional fringes. Results are presented for phase determination from in-plane and out-of-plane subtraction fringes, and also results on noise reduction for additional ESPI fringe patterns.

Four cases of engineering vibration studies using pulsed ESPI

The monitoring and control of traffic volume is becoming a constant social, economic, and environmental pressure in the UK and elsewhere, because of landmass and current infrastructure strain under a swelling and increasingly mobile population. The viability of high-occupancy vehicle (HOV) lanes for easing traffic congestion, and hence maximising traffic flow, has been proven in countries worldwide. The USA, Australia, and Canada have had HOV installations for some time, controlling the flux of traffic into their most densely populated areas. Experience in these cases has dictated that it is enforcement which is crucial to the successful implementation of such a traffic policy. To date, all enforcement has been manual, i.e. a police officer counting the occupants in a vehicle as it passes by. Studies have concluded that manual enforcement is typically only 65 per cent accurate and, considering the pressures which one individual is put under in these circumstances, this statistic is not surprising. Lighting and environmental conditions, skin tone, and location of the occupants and the alertness of the officer are all variables affecting the accuracy of manually collected data. Hence there is the need for an autonomous detection system to count the occupancy within a vehicle. This could provide the basis of an enforcement or congestion strategy. Language: en

An optical method for automated roadside detection and counting of vehicle occupants

Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometry (ESPI) used with cw lasers has so far proved useful only as a laboratory research tool, requiring restrictive environmental conditions and specialist knowledge at the data interpretation stage. A pulsed laser eliminates the need for such requirements mainly due to its shorter pulse duration. The incorporation of a pulsed laser into ESPI provides the high quality fringe data needed to meet the stringent demands of industrial modal analysis. Results obtained with ESPI incorporating a pulsed Neodinium/YAG laser (working at 0.532 μm) are reported in this paper, where the technique was applied to deformation and vibration studies of object areas up to 0.5 m2 in size. The fringe patterns produced are analysed by a phase reduction method to yield out-of-plane amplitude data. The method is easily extended to in-plane sensitivity with very little additional optics. These data may be presented in the form of three dimensional surface displacement maps which may be manipulated by computer for combination with other modal analysis equipment. With the introduction of pulsed laser and a dedicated fringe analysis software and hardware package, ESPI has -now become a commercially viable industrial measurement and analysis tool. A complete description of the system is presented here emphasizing the relevance of the above points and their direct practical applications.

Vibration Analysis Using Phase Stepped Pulsed Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometry

An imaging apparatus (10) for determining the number of occupants in a vehicle, has a means for illuminating an interior of the vehicle (15) within a first range of infrared wavelengths (23), a first capture means (16) for capturing a first infrared image of the interior (15) for the first range of wavelengths, a means for illuminating the interior of the vehicle (15) within a second range of infrared wavelengths (24), a second capture means (17) for capturing a second infrared image of the interior (15) for the second range of wavelengths, and a processor (21) for analysing the first and second captured infrared images of the interior (15) of the vehicle and operable to determine the number of occupants in the vehicle.

Method and apparatus for counting vehicle occupants

There are many situations in vibration analysis where it is necessary or desirable to make three-dimensional measurements By using three different illumination geometries around a single imaging system, Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometry (ESPI) can be used to measure the orthogonal components of vibration amplitude independently These can be combined to determine the three-dimensional mode shape The theory is given for making quantitative measurements, and a practical system is described Examples of experimental results are presented for volume vibrations of a thick cylinder, identification of vibration modes of a turbocharger blade, and observation of in-plane modes in a thin plate

John R. Tyrer

Papers

Four cases of engineering vibration studies using pulsed ESPI

An optical method for automated roadside detection and counting of vehicle occupants

Vibration Analysis Using Phase Stepped Pulsed Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometry

Method and apparatus for counting vehicle occupants

Three Dimensional Analysis Of Volume Vibrations By Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometry