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Using Multivariate Statistics

A fast-Fourier-transform method of topography and interferometry is proposed. By computer processing of a noncontour type of fringe pattern, automatic discrimination is achieved between elevation and depression of the object or wave-front form, which has not been possible by the fringe-contour-generation techniques. The method has advantages over moire topography and conventional fringe-contour interferometry in both accuracy and sensitivity. Unlike fringe-scanning techniques, the method is easy to apply because it uses no moving components.

Fourier-transform method of fringe-pattern analysis for computer-based topography and interferometry

A self-scanned 1024 element photodiode array and minicomputer are used to measure the phase (wavefront) in the interference pattern of an interferometer to lambda/100. The photodiode array samples intensities over a 32 x 32 matrix in the interference pattern as the length of the reference arm is varied piezoelectrically. Using these data the minicomputer synchronously detects the phase at each of the 1024 points by a Fourier series method and displays the wavefront in contour and perspective plot on a storage oscilloscope in less than 1 min (Bruning et al. Paper WE16, OSA Annual Meeting, Oct. 1972). The array of intensities is sampled and averaged many times in a random fashion so that the effects of air turbulence, vibrations, and thermal drifts are minimized. Very significant is the fact that wavefront errors in the interferometer are easily determined and may be automatically subtracted from current or subsequent wavefrots. Various programs supporting the measurement system include software for determining the aperture boundary, sum and difference of wavefronts, removal or insertion of tilt and focus errors, and routines for spatial manipulation of wavefronts. FFT programs transform wavefront data into point spread function and modulus and phase of the optical transfer function of lenses. Display programs plot these functions in contour and perspective. The system has been designed to optimize the collection of data to give higher than usual accuracy in measuring the individual elements and final performance of assembled diffraction limited optical systems, and furthermore, the short loop time of a few minutes makes the system an attractive alternative to constraints imposed by test glasses in the optical shop.

Digital wavefront measuring interferometer for testing optical surfaces and lenses

Approaches to learning

Biomechanics and wound healing in the cornea

Current industry standards for dyeing woollen textiles use high temperatures and long processing times to aid dye diffusion. The consumption of water, energy and chemicals used in dyeing and finishing processes have been identified as key challenges to sustainability within the textile industry. This paper furthers the discussion of a recently developed digital laser-dyeing technique for woollen textiles. The research examined the effect of infrared laser irradiation, as a pre-treatment to dyeing 100% wool and its potential as a design tool for textile processing. Analysis of the dye performance properties of treated wool substrates and potential sustainability advantages of the technique are presented. Laser modification of the outer cuticles of wool fibres was found to remove and disrupt the hydrophobic surface. Therefore, after laser treatment, an increased rate of dye diffusion may be expected. By offering this technique as an alternative solution to traditional wet processing, the potential has been found to increase environmental sustainability through significant reduction in energy and wastewater effluent. In addition, the CAD controlled laser provides the advantage of accurate and targeted processing, allowing design and surface patterning capabilities.

John R. Tyrer

Papers

Laser-dyeing for Sustainable Textile Design