计量经济分析 = Econometric analysis

The resilience perspective is increasingly used as an approach for understanding the dynamics of social–ecological systems. This article presents the origin of the resilience perspective and provides an overview of its development to date. With roots in one branch of ecology and the discovery of multiple basins of attraction in ecosystems in the 1960–1970s, it inspired social and environmental scientists to challenge the dominant stable equilibrium view. The resilience approach emphasizes non-linear dynamics, thresholds, uncertainty and surprise, how periods of gradual change interplay with periods of rapid change and how such dynamics interact across temporal and spatial scales. The history was dominated by empirical observations of ecosystem dynamics interpreted in mathematical models, developing into the adaptive management approach for responding to ecosystem change. Serious attempts to integrate the social dimension is currently taking place in resilience work reflected in the large numbers of sciences involved in explorative studies and new discoveries of linked social–ecological systems. Recent advances include understanding of social processes like, social learning and social memory, mental models and knowledge–system integration, visioning and scenario building, leadership, agents and actor groups, social networks, institutional and organizational inertia and change, adaptive capacity, transformability and systems of adaptive governance that allow for management of essential ecosystem services.

Resilience: the emergence of a perspective for social-ecological systems analyses

▪ Abstract We explore the social dimension that enables adaptive ecosystem-based management. The review concentrates on experiences of adaptive governance of social-ecological systems during periods of abrupt change (crisis) and investigates social sources of renewal and reorganization. Such governance connects individuals, organizations, agencies, and institutions at multiple organizational levels. Key persons provide leadership, trust, vision, meaning, and they help transform management organizations toward a learning environment. Adaptive governance systems often self-organize as social networks with teams and actor groups that draw on various knowledge systems and experiences for the development of a common understanding and policies. The emergence of “bridging organizations” seem to lower the costs of collaboration and conflict resolution, and enabling legislation and governmental policies can support self-organization while framing creativity for adaptive comanagement efforts. A resilient social-eco...

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Adaptive governance of social-ecological systems

Cause, conseguenze e strategie di mitigazione Proponiamo il primo di una serie di articoli in cui affronteremo l’attuale problema dei mutamenti climatici. Presentiamo il documento redatto, votato e pubblicato dall’Ipcc - Comitato intergovernativo sui cambiamenti climatici - che illustra la sintesi delle ricerche svolte su questo tema rilevante.

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Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis.

The talk with present the key results of the IPCC Working Group III 5th assessment report. Concluding four years of intense scientific collaboration by hundreds of authors from around the world, the report responds to the request of the world's governments for a comprehensive, objective and policy neutral assessment of the current scientific knowledge on mitigating climate change. The report has been extensively reviewed by experts and governments to ensure quality and comprehensiveness.

Climate change 2014 - Mitigation of climate change

The importance of weeds in ethnopharmacology.

We contend that biocultural approaches to conservation can achieve effective and just conservation outcomes while addressing erosion of both cultural and biological diversity. Here, we propose a set of guidelines for the adoption of biocultural approaches to conservation. First, we draw lessons from work on biocultural diversity and heritage, social-ecological systems theory, integrated conservation and development, co-management, and community-based conservation to define biocultural approaches to conservation. Second, we describe eight principles that characterize such approaches. Third, we discuss reasons for adopting biocultural approaches and challenges. If used well, biocultural approaches to conservation can be a powerful tool for reducing the global loss of both biological and cultural diversity.

https://www.cell.com/trends/ecology-evolution/pdf/S0169-5347(15)00002-6.pdf

Defining biocultural approaches to conservation

a d o v a s i o , j . m . , o . s o f f e r , d . c . h y l a n d , j . s . i l l i n g w o r t h , b . k l ı́ m a , a n d j . s v o b o d a . 2001. Perishable industries from Dolnı́ Věstonice I: New insights into the nature and origin of the Gravettian. Archaeology, Ethnology, and Anthropology of Eurasia 2(6):48–65. a d o v a s i o , j . m . , o . s o f f e r , d . c . h y l a n d , b . k l ı́ m a , a n d j . s v o b o d a . 1998. Perishable technologies and the genesis of the Eastern Gravettian. Anthropologie 36(1–2):43–68. ———. 1999. Textil, kosakarstvi a site v mladém paleolitu moravy. Archeologické Rozhledy 51:58–94. b a h n , p . 1985. “Utilisation des ressources végétales dans le Paléolithique et le Mésolithique des Pyrénées Française,” in Homenage al Dr. Joseph Ma. Corominas, pp. 203–12. Quaderna del Centre d’Estudia Comarcals de Banyoles 1. ———. 2001. Palaeolithic weaving: A contribution from Chauvet. Antiquity 75:271–72. c h e y n i e r , a . 1967. Comment vivait l’homme des caverns à l’âge du renne. Paris: Editions Robert Arnaux. h e i t e , l . 1998. Spear straightener or spinning tool? Mammoth Trumpet 134(3):18–19. k e h o e , a . b . 1991. “The weaver’s wrath,” in The archaeology of gender: Proceedings of the Twenty-second Annual Conference of the Archaeological Association of the University of Calgary. Edited by D. Walde and N. D. Willow, pp. 430–35. Calgary: University of Calgary Archaeological Association. ———. 1999. “Warping prehistory: Direct data and ethnographic analogies for fiber manufactures,” in Ethno-analogy and the reconstruction of prehistoric artefact use and production. Edited by L. R. Owen and M. Porr, pp. 31–41. Urgeschichtliche Materialhefte 14. Tubingen: Mo Vince Verlag. l a c o r r e , f . 1960. La Gravette. Lavalloise: Imprimerie Berneoud. s o f f e r , o . 2000. “Gravettian technologies in social contexts,” in Hunters of the Golden Age. Edited by W. Roebroeks, M. Mussi, and J. Svoboda, pp. 59–75. Leiden: University of Leiden Press. s o f f e r , o . , j . m . a d o v a s i o , a n d d . h y l a n d . 2000. The “Venus” figurines: Textiles, basketry, gender, and status in the Upper Paleolithic. current anthropology 41:511–37. ———. 2002. “Perishable technologies and invisible people: Nets, baskets, and ’Venus’ wear ca. 26,000 b.p.,” in Enduring records: The environmental and cultural heritage of wetlands. Edited by B. A. Purdy, pp. 233–45. Oxford: Oxbow Books. s o f f e r , o . , j . m . a d o v a s i o , j . s . i l l i n g w o r t h , h . a . a m i r k h a n o v, n . d . p r a s l o v, a n d m . s t r e e t . 2000. Palaeolithic perishables made permanent. Antiquity 74: 812–21. s o f f e r , o . , a n d p . v a n d i v e r . 1994. “The ceramics,” in Pavlov I, excavations 1953–1954. Edited by J. Svoboda, pp. 161–74. Liège: University of Liège. ———. 1997. “The ceramics from Pavlov I, 1957 excavation,” in Pavlov I—Northwest: The Upper Paleolithic burial and its settlement context. Edited by J. Svoboda, pp. 383–402. Brno: Institute of Archaeology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic. v a n d i v e r , p . b . , o . s o f f e r , b . k l ı́ m a , a n d j . s v o b o d a . 1989. The origins of ceramic technology at Dolnı́ Věstonice, Czechoslovakia. Science 246:1002–8. z a v e r n i a e v, f . m . 1987. Tekhnika obrabotki kosti iz Khotylevskoj verkhnepaleoliticheskoj stoianki. Sovetskaia Arkheologiia, no. 3, pp. 111–30. Persistence of Botanical Knowledge among Tzeltal Maya Children

Persistence of botanical knowledge among Tzeltal Maya children

The role of weeds as sources of pharmaceuticals.

Climate change is impacting agro-ecosystems, crops, and farmer livelihoods in communities worldwide. While it is well understood that more frequent and intense climate events in many areas are resulting in a decline in crop yields, the impact on crop quality is less acknowledged, yet it is critical for food systems that benefit both farmers and consumers through high-quality products. This study examines tea (Camellia sinensis; Theaceae), the world's most widely consumed beverage after water, as a study system to measure effects of seasonal precipitation variability on crop functional quality and associated farmer knowledge, preferences, and livelihoods. Sampling was conducted in a major tea producing area of China during an extreme drought through the onset of the East Asian Monsoon in order to capture effects of extreme climate events that are likely to become more frequent with climate change. Compared to the spring drought, tea growth during the monsoon period was up to 50% higher. Concurrently, concentrations of catechin and methylxanthine secondary metabolites, major compounds that determine tea functional quality, were up to 50% lower during the monsoon while total phenolic concentrations and antioxidant activity increased. The inverse relationship between tea growth and concentrations of individual secondary metabolites suggests a dilution effect of precipitation on tea quality. The decrease in concentrations of tea secondary metabolites was accompanied by reduced farmer preference on the basis of sensory characteristics as well as a decline of up to 50% in household income from tea sales. Farmer surveys indicate a high degree of agreement regarding climate patterns and the effects of precipitation on tea yields and quality. Extrapolating findings from this seasonal study to long-term climate scenario projections suggests that farmers and consumers face variable implications with forecasted precipitation scenarios and calls for research on management practices to facilitate climate adaptation for sustainable crop production.

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Effects of extreme climate events on tea (Camellia sinensis) functional quality validate indigenous farmer knowledge and sensory preferences in tropical China.

John Richard Stepp

Papers

The importance of weeds in ethnopharmacology.

Defining biocultural approaches to conservation

Persistence of botanical knowledge among Tzeltal Maya children

The role of weeds as sources of pharmaceuticals.

Effects of extreme climate events on tea (Camellia sinensis) functional quality validate indigenous farmer knowledge and sensory preferences in tropical China.