Objective: To determine the relation between exposure to glycaemia over time and the risk of macrovascular or microvascular complications in patients with type 2 diabetes. Design: Prospective observational study. Setting: 23 hospital based clinics in England, Scotland, and Northern Ireland. Participants: 4585 white, Asian Indian, and Afro-Caribbean UKPDS patients, whether randomised or not to treatment, were included in analyses of incidence; of these, 3642 were included in analyses of relative risk. Outcome measures: Primary predefined aggregate clinical outcomes: any end point or deaths related to diabetes and all cause mortality. Secondary aggregate outcomes: myocardial infarction, stroke, amputation (including death from peripheral vascular disease), and microvascular disease (predominantly retinal photo-coagulation). Single end points: non-fatal heart failure and cataract extraction. Risk reduction associated with a 1% reduction in updated mean HbA 1c adjusted for possible confounders at diagnosis of diabetes. Results: The incidence of clinical complications was significantly associated with glycaemia. Each 1% reduction in updated mean HbA 1c was associated with reductions in risk of 21% for any end point related to diabetes (95% confidence interval 17% to 24%, P Conclusions: In patients with type 2 diabetes the risk of diabetic complications was strongly associated with previous hyperglycaemia. Any reduction in HbA 1c is likely to reduce the risk of complications, with the lowest risk being in those with HbA 1c values in the normal range (

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Association of glycaemia with macrovascular and microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 35): prospective observational study

Baron and Kenny’s procedure for determining if an independent variable affects a dependent variable through some mediator is so well known that it is used by authors and requested by reviewers almost reflexively. Many research projects have been terminated early in a research program or later in the review process because the data did not conform to Baron and Kenny’s criteria, impeding theoretical development. While the technical literature has disputed some of Baron and Kenny’s tests, this literature has not diffused to practicing researchers. We present a nontechnical summary of the flaws in the Baron and Kenny logic, some of which have not been previously noted. We provide a decision tree and a step-by-step procedure for testing mediation, classifying its type, and interpreting the implications of findings for theory building and future research.

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Reconsidering Baron and Kenny: Myths and Truths about Mediation Analysis

Background Treatment with peginterferon alfa-2a alone produces significantly higher sustained virologic responses than treatment with interferon alfa-2a alone in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. We compared the efficacy and safety of peginterferon alfa-2a plus ribavirin, interferon alfa-2b plus ribavirin, and peginterferon alfa-2a alone in the initial treatment of chronic hepatitis C. Methods A total of 1121 patients were randomly assigned to treatment and received at least one dose of study medication, consisting of 180 μg of peginterferon alfa-2a once weekly plus daily ribavirin (1000 or 1200 mg, depending on body weight), weekly peginterferon alfa-2a plus daily placebo, or 3 million units of interferon alfa-2b thrice weekly plus daily ribavirin for 48 weeks. Results A significantly higher proportion of patients who received peginterferon alfa-2a plus ribavirin had a sustained virologic response (defined as the absence of detectable HCV RNA 24 weeks after cessation of therapy) th...

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Peginterferon alfa-2a plus ribavirin for chronic hepatitis C virus infection.

Background Infection with human papilloma virus (HPV) is the main cause of cervical cancer, but the risk associated with the various HPV types has not been adequately assessed. Methods We pooled data from 11 case–control studies from nine countries involving 1918 women with histologically confirmed squamous-cell cervical cancer and 1928 control women. A common protocol and questionnaire were used. Information on risk factors was obtained by personal interviews, and cervical cells were collected for detection of HPV DNA and typing in a central laboratory by polymerase-chain-reaction–based assays (with MY09/MY11 and GP5+/6+ primers). Results HPV DNA was detected in 1739 of the 1918 patients with cervical cancer (90.7 percent) and in 259 of the 1928 control women (13.4 percent). With the GP5+/6+ primer, HPV DNA was detected in 96.6 percent of the patients and 15.6 percent of the controls. The most common HPV types in patients, in descending order of frequency, were types 16, 18, 45, 31, 33, 52, 58, and 35. A...

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Epidemiologic Classification of Human Papillomavirus Types Associated with Cervical Cancer

background Postoperative chemoradiotherapy is the recommended standard therapy for patients with locally advanced rectal cancer. In recent years, encouraging results with preoperative radiotherapy have been reported. We compared preoperative chemoradiotherapy with postoperative chemoradiotherapy for locally advanced rectal cancer. methods We randomly assigned patients with clinical stage T3 or T4 or node-positive disease to receive either preoperative or postoperative chemoradiotherapy. The preoperative treatment consisted of 5040 cGy delivered in fractions of 180 cGy per day, five days per week, and fluorouracil, given in a 120-hour continuous intravenous infusion at a dose of 1000 mg per square meter of body-surface area per day during the first and fifth weeks of radiotherapy. Surgery was performed six weeks after the completion of chemoradiotherapy. One month after surgery, four five-day cycles of fluorouracil (500 mg per square meter per day) were given. Chemoradiotherapy was identical in the postoperative-treatment group, except for the delivery of a boost of 540 cGy. The primary end point was overall survival. results Four hundred twenty-one patients were randomly assigned to receive preoperative chemoradiotherapy and 402 patients to receive postoperative chemoradiotherapy. The overall five-year survival rates were 76 percent and 74 percent, respectively (P=0.80). The five-year cumulative incidence of local relapse was 6 percent for patients assigned to preoperative chemoradiotherapy and 13 percent in the postoperative-treatment group (P=0.006). Grade 3 or 4 acute toxic effects occurred in 27 percent of the patients in the preoperative-treatment group, as compared with 40 percent of the patients in the postoperative-treatment group (P=0.001); the corresponding rates of long-term toxic effects were 14 percent and 24 percent, respectively (P=0.01). conclusions Preoperative chemoradiotherapy, as compared with postoperative chemoradiotherapy, improved local control and was associated with reduced toxicity but did not improve overall survival.

Preoperative versus Postoperative Chemoradiotherapy for Rectal Cancer

Statistical methods in cancer research

A 35-year-old man was treated for pseudomyxoma peritonei by surgery and by thermal infusion and chemotherapy with a machine designed specifically for the treatment of cancers of serosal surfaces. After extensive abdominal resection and closure, the patient9s peritoneal cavity was instilled with 2.5 liters of 5% lactated Ringer9s solution. He was then attached to hyperthermic perfusion system which elevated the i.p. temperature by warming (to 42°) and recirculating the effusion solution. When the 42° i.p. temperature was attained (after 1.5 hr), chemotherapy was added to the recirculating effusion. A second procedure followed 8 days later. The patient9s postoperative course was uneventful except for minor pulmonary atelectasis with bacteremia. Hyperthermic perfusion was tolerated well and was evaluated as safe for intracavitary cancer treatment.

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Clinical Delivery System for Intraperitoneal Hyperthermic Chemotherapy

The frequency of various clinical and pathologic variables associated with colorectal carcinoma in 1137 consecutive patients treated at the Ellis Fischel State Cancer Hospital between 1940 and 1961 is reported. All patients were followed to death or to December 31, 1963. All clinical, pathologic and survival data were coded for transfer to IBM cards. The frequency with which each variable occurred was tabulated and the accumulative survival rate and standard deviation of the rate were calculated through the tenth post-treatment year by the life-table method for each variable. Grouping of variables for clinical staging tends to obscure the significance of individual variables and little attention is given in most staging systems as to which variables are dependent or independent of one another. This more detailed breakdown makes assessment of prognosis on the basis of individual variables possible. Arguments are presented to show that clinical staging should be based on this type of initial analysis.

Prevalence and prognosis of individual clinical and pathologic variables associated with colorectal carcinoma.

In a retrospective review of 912 patients with mammary cancer at the Ellis Fischel State Cancer Hospital (EFSCH), 199 patient records contained two or more gross measurements of a neoplastic focus in the breast, a lymph node, the lung, the chest wall, or other sites. The gross rates of growth were calculated from these measurements and correlated with the characteristics of the tumor and the hosts. The rates were independent of the anatomical site of the measured carcinoma, marital status, race, tumor size, frequency of lymph node metastasis at the time of mastectomy, and frequency and site of the postoperative metastasis. Doubling times did correlate directly with the age of the patients, duration of preoperative symptoms, and duration of survival after radical mastectomy. Tumor growth rate can account for some of the clinical characteristics of mammary carcinoma.

https://acsjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/1097-0142%28197208%2930%3A2%3C594%3A%3AAID-CNCR2820300241%3E3.0.CO%3B2-2

John S. Spratt

Papers

Statistical methods in cancer research

Clinical Delivery System for Intraperitoneal Hyperthermic Chemotherapy

Prevalence and prognosis of individual clinical and pathologic variables associated with colorectal carcinoma.

The gross rates of growth of human mammary carcinoma

Rates of Growth of Pulmonary Metastases and Host Survival