Variations in cell properties are unavoidable and can be caused by manufacturing tolerances and usage conditions. As a result of this, cells connected in series may have different voltages and states of charge that limit the energy and power capability of the complete battery pack. Methods of removing this energy imbalance have been extensively reported within literature. However, there has been little discussion around the effect that such variation has when cells are connected electrically in parallel. This work aims to explore the impact of connecting cells, with varied properties, in parallel and the issues regarding energy imbalance and battery management that may arise. This has been achieved through analysing experimental data and a validated model. The main results from this study highlight that significant differences in current flow can occur between cells within a parallel stack that will affect how the cells age and the temperature distribution within the battery assembly.

Dataset to support article: 'Modelling and experimental evaluation of parallel connected lithium ion cells for an electric vehicle battery system'

Pulse width modulation (PWM) is a powerful technique employed in analog circuit convert with a microprocessor based digital output. Besides, Pseudo Random Multi Carrier (PRMC) involves in two random PWM strategies to minimize the harmonic order for 9- level cascaded multilevel H-bridge (CHB) inverter and 9-level Modular Multilevel inverter are introduced. The design mainly focuses on the (Pulse Width Modulation) PWM method, in which two nearest voltage levels are approached in estimated output voltage prediction based on the Partial swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm, and it conveys a random variation in the pulse position of output by Pseudo Random Multi Carrier- Pulse Width Modulation (PRMC-PWM). The CHB and the Modular inverters generate low distortion output by using PMRC. The simulation and prototype circuit are developed for the nine level output using sixteen switches and ten with Resistive-Inductive (R-L) load variation condition. The power quality is improved in CHB and Modular inverter (MoI) with minimized harmonics in various modulation index (MI) as varied from 0.1 up to 0.8. The circuit is designed by using a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA), Implementing a PSO algorithm for both CHB, and MoI are proposed. The comparisons of results are verified with lower order harmonics and find the best switching angle across the MLI switches. Modular inverter furthermore investigates with PRMC, Random Nearest level (RNL) modulation scheme are presented, and the proposed circuit is along with the respective degree of the output voltage were synthesized in non-linear load by the development of reactive power across a motor load.

https://www.ejece.org/index.php/ejece/article/download/315/189

Power Quality Improvement in Modular Multilevel Inverter Using for Different Multicarrier PWM

Investigation on load harmonic reduction through solar-power utilization in intermittent SSFI using particle swarm, genetic, and modified firefly optimization algorithms

A new Symmetric Solar Fed Inverter (SSFI) proposed with a reduced number of components compared to the classical, modified, conventional type of Multilevel Inverter (MLI). The objective of this architecture is to design fifteen-level SSFI, this circuit uses a single switch with minimizing harmonics, and Modulation Index (MI) values. Power Quality (PQ) is developed by using the optimization algorithms like as Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Genetic algorithm (GA), Modified Firefly Algorithm (MFA). It’s determined to generate the gating pulse and finding optimum firing angle values calculate as per the input of MPP intelligent controller schemes. The proposed circuit is solar fed inverter used for optimization techniques governed by switching controller approach delivers a major task. The comparison is made for different optimization algorithm has significantly reduced the harmonic content by varying the modulation index and switching angle values. SSFI generates low distortion output uses through without any additional filter component through utilizing MATLAB Simulink software (2020a). The SSFI circuit assist Xilinx Spartan 3-AN Filed Program Gate Array (FPGA) tuned by optimization techniques are presented for the effectiveness of the proposed model. 

A Voltage lift performance is an excellent role to DC/DC conversion topology. The Voltage Lift Multilevel Inverter (VL-MLI) topology is suggested with minimal number of components compared to the conventional multilevel inverter (MLI). In this method, the Modified Particle Swarm Optimization (MPSO) conveys a primary task for the VL-MLI using Half Height (H-H) method, it determine the required optimum switching angles to eliminate desired value of harmonics. The simulation circuit for fifteen level output uses single switch voltage-lift inverter fed with resistive and inductive loads (R &amp; L load). The power quality is developed by voltage-lift multilevel inverter with minimized harmonics under the various Modulation Index (MI) while varied from 0.1 up to 1. The circuit is designed in a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA), which includes the MPSO rules for fast convergence to reduce the lower order harmonics and finds the best optimum switching angle values. To report this problem the H-H has implemented with MPSO to reduce minimum Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) for simulation circuit using Proteus 7.7 simulink tool. Due to the absence of multiple switches, filter and inductor element exposes for novelty of the proposed system. The comparative analysis has been carried-out with existing optimization and modulation methods. 

Design and experimental investigation on VL-MLI intended for half height (H-H) method to improve power quality using modified particle swarm optimization (MPSO) algorithm

The super-lift technique is an exceptional contribution to DC-DC conversion technology. A replacement approach of symmetrical super-lift multilevel inverter (SLMLI) DC/AC technology is proposed with a reduced number of elements compared with the traditional multilevel inverter. In this method, the firefly algorithm conveys a leading task for the SLMLI topology for solar-photovoltaic applications. It generates low distortion output and consumes the harmonic band of the fast Fourier transform framework by the employment of the proposed algorithm. The simulation circuit for 15 levels output uses single switch super-lift inverter feed with different kinds of load (R, RL and RLE) conditions. The power quality is improved in SLMLI with minimised harmonics underneath the various modulation indices while varied from 0.1 up to 0.8. The circuit is designed in a field-programmable gate array, which includes the firefly rule to help the multilevel output, to reduce the lower order harmonics and to find the best switching angle. As a result, the minimum total harmonic distortion from the simulation and hardware circuit is achieved. Due to the absence of bulky switches, inductor and filter elements expose the effectiveness of the proposed system.

https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/iet-cds.2018.5292

Design and development of symmetrical super-lift DC–AC converter using firefly algorithm for solar-photovoltaic applications

A Hybrid deep learning model for effective segmentation and classification of lung nodules from CT images

To minimize real-time errors in a Photovoltaic (PV) system performances must be forecasted through precise simulation design before continuing into a practical application. However, due to the scarcity of data in datasheets and the inherent transcendental connections are between PV current and PV voltage, to determining the Single Diode Model (SDM) parameters becomes a more challenging problems. This paper offers a simulated study of a SDM and Double Diode Model (DDM) solar PV system under various irradiation represents, and the performance was developed by incorporating an optimization-based Maximum Power Point (MPP) tracking techniques. According to the present simulation presented in this article, a mathematical model for a SDM/DDM as well as optimization methodologies has been estimated MATLAB platform. The present MPP circuit model designed and compared with BAT optimization algorithms. The nonlinear relationship between Voltage (V) - Current (I) and Voltage (V) –Power (W) acknowledged as characteristic curves for different temperature (∘c) and irradiance (W/m2) values are verified in numerical simulation results. MPP tracking power and efficiency are examined for maximum power (Pmax) to test the optimization based system. The simulation results show that the BAT optimization model was achieved the highest tracking efficiency better than other heuristic algorithms.

Design and development of extract maximum power from single-double diode PV model for different environmental condition using BAT optimization algorithm

Johny Renoald Albert

Papers

Design and development of symmetrical super-lift DC–AC converter using firefly algorithm for solar-photovoltaic applications

Power Quality Improvement in Modular Multilevel Inverter Using for Different Multicarrier PWM

Investigation on load harmonic reduction through solar-power utilization in intermittent SSFI using particle swarm, genetic, and modified firefly optimization algorithms

A Hybrid deep learning model for effective segmentation and classification of lung nodules from CT images

Design and development of extract maximum power from single-double diode PV model for different environmental condition using BAT optimization algorithm